Biomineralization is an art of nature. It is an important process where organisms produce hierarchical mineral structures with diverse functions for their survival. This process happens through self-organization of organic and inorganic molecules under ambient conditions resulting in highly structured materials with remarkable physical and chemical properties. The art of biomineralization has inspired scientists to design bioinspired functional materials for multiple functions. This book chapter discusses the achievements relating to biomineralization, the synthesis of biomimetic materials and its applications in advance material design. Specifically, it outlines the studies on calcium based biomineralization and describes advance material synthesis based on these mechanisms. This approach gives a new dimension to fabricate a variety of materials with desired structure, hierarchy, and properties via an environmentally friendly route. © 2017 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.