This chapter deals with the structure, properties, and applications of electrospun- based cellulose composites. Extraction methods of cellulosic nanofibers from different sources are discussed in detail. Cellulose has the special advantage of high specific strength and sustainability, which make them ideal candidates for reinforcement in various polymeric matrices. Cellulose nanofibers find application in various fields, including construction, the automobile industry, and soil conservation. Cellulose, an eminent representative of nanomaterial obtained from various natural fibers, can be dissolved in various solvent systems, which are described in detail in this study. Thermoplastic-based electrospun cellulose nanocomposites and their applications are highlighted. This chapter describes current and future applications of electrospun cellulosic nanofibers in various fields. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015.