Orthopaedic surgery procedure widely utilizes bone drilling in the work for correcting bone fracture and attaching prosthetics. Clean and accurately positioned holes are desired during bone drilling without damaging the surrounding tissues. However, bone temperature rises during drilling. It is always required to keep the temperature during drilling below 47 °C to avoid thermal osteonecrosis (bone cell death), which might lead to a loose of bone-implant interface. Drill design, drill parameters, and coolant delivery were believed to contribute to heat generation. As complex anisotropic biological tissues, determining the bone temperature during drilling is another issue. Complex mechanical and thermological properties are also other problems to be investigated due to the sensitivity to testing and specimen preparation. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.