%N 5
%V 91
%L scholars9927
%D 2018
%X The heavy palm oil industry in Malaysia has generated various oil palm biomass residues. These residues can be converted into liquids (bio-oil) for replacing fossil-based fuels and chemicals. Studies on the conversion of these residues to bio-oil via pyrolysis technology are widely available in the literature. However, thermochemical liquefaction of oil palm biomass for bio-oil production is rarely studied and reported. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS) was hydrothermally liquefied under subcritical and supercritical conditions to produce bio-oil. Effects of reaction temperature, pressure and biomass-to-water ratio on the characteristics of bio-oil were investigated. The bio-oils were analyzed for their chemical compositions (by GC�MS and FT-IR) and higher heating values (HHV). It was found that phenolic compounds were the main constituents of bio-oils derived from PKS for all reaction conditions investigated. Based on the chemical composition of the bio-oil, a general reaction pathway of hydrothermal liquefaction of PKS was postulated. The HHV of the bio-oils ranged from 10.5 to 16.1 MJ/kg, which were comparable to the findings reported in the literature. © 2017 Energy Institute
%R 10.1016/j.joei.2017.05.009
%A Y.H. Chan
%A A.T. Quitain
%A S. Yusup
%A Y. Uemura
%A M. Sasaki
%A T. Kida
%T Liquefaction of palm kernel shell in sub- and supercritical water for bio-oil production
%J Journal of the Energy Institute
%K Biofuels; Biomass; Calorific value; Chemical analysis; Liquefaction; Reaction kinetics, Bio oil; Chemical compositions; Higher heating value; Hydrothermal liquefactions; Reaction postulation; Reaction temperature; Sub- and supercritical waters; Supercritical condition, Palm oil
%O cited By 27
%P 721-732
%I Elsevier B.V.