TY  - JOUR
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020782378&doi=10.1016%2fj.joei.2017.05.009&partnerID=40&md5=2997a04be8e0a1d7edc13ca204464e23
PB  - Elsevier B.V.
SP  - 721
IS  - 5
N1  - cited By 27
A1  - Chan, Y.H.
A1  - Quitain, A.T.
A1  - Yusup, S.
A1  - Uemura, Y.
A1  - Sasaki, M.
A1  - Kida, T.
Y1  - 2018///
SN  - 17439671
TI  - Liquefaction of palm kernel shell in sub- and supercritical water for bio-oil production
ID  - scholars9927
AV  - none
VL  - 91
JF  - Journal of the Energy Institute
N2  - The heavy palm oil industry in Malaysia has generated various oil palm biomass residues. These residues can be converted into liquids (bio-oil) for replacing fossil-based fuels and chemicals. Studies on the conversion of these residues to bio-oil via pyrolysis technology are widely available in the literature. However, thermochemical liquefaction of oil palm biomass for bio-oil production is rarely studied and reported. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS) was hydrothermally liquefied under subcritical and supercritical conditions to produce bio-oil. Effects of reaction temperature, pressure and biomass-to-water ratio on the characteristics of bio-oil were investigated. The bio-oils were analyzed for their chemical compositions (by GC�??MS and FT-IR) and higher heating values (HHV). It was found that phenolic compounds were the main constituents of bio-oils derived from PKS for all reaction conditions investigated. Based on the chemical composition of the bio-oil, a general reaction pathway of hydrothermal liquefaction of PKS was postulated. The HHV of the bio-oils ranged from 10.5 to 16.1 MJ/kg, which were comparable to the findings reported in the literature. © 2017 Energy Institute
KW  - Biofuels; Biomass; Calorific value; Chemical analysis; Liquefaction; Reaction kinetics
KW  -  Bio oil; Chemical compositions; Higher heating value; Hydrothermal liquefactions; Reaction postulation; Reaction temperature; Sub- and supercritical waters; Supercritical condition
KW  -  Palm oil
EP  - 732
ER  -