eprintid: 9912 rev_number: 2 eprint_status: archive userid: 1 dir: disk0/00/00/99/12 datestamp: 2023-11-09 16:36:33 lastmod: 2023-11-09 16:36:33 status_changed: 2023-11-09 16:30:07 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Yiin, C.L. creators_name: Yusup, S. creators_name: Quitain, A.T. creators_name: Uemura, Y. creators_name: Sasaki, M. creators_name: Kida, T. title: Life cycle assessment of oil palm empty fruit bunch delignification using natural malic acid-based low-transition-temperature mixtures: a gate-to-gate case study ispublished: pub keywords: Artificial life; Biomass; Chlorine compounds; Delignification; Environmental impact; Eutrophication; Fruits; Global warming; Mixtures; Palm oil; Sustainable development; Temperature; Volatile organic compounds, Cactus; Delignification efficiency; Environmentally friendly solvents; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Low-transition temperature; Malic acids; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Photochemical ozone creation potentials, Life cycle, Biomass; Chlorine Compounds; Delignification; Eutrophication; Fruits; Mixtures note: cited By 6 abstract: In future biorefineries, the development of cheap and environmentally friendly solvents for biomass pretreatment is highly desirable. In this sense, low-transition-temperature mixtures (LTTMs) have high potential to serve as green solvents for replacing conventional pretreatment technologies. In this study, a life cycle assessment of LTTMs pretreatment was conducted to determine the environmental impacts caused by biomass delignification. A gate-to-gate analysis which started with harvested oil palm empty fruit bunch and ended with lignin was selected. The environmental impacts such as acidification potential, global warming potential, eutrophication potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, human toxicity potential and volatile organic compounds emission were evaluated. The comparable environmental balances of commercial l-malic acid and cactus malic acid-based LTTMs pretreatment processes verified the suitability of the process with natural malic acid as the source of proton donor. This study concludes that biomass delignification using natural cactus malic acid-based LTTMs had promising features such as high delignification efficiency and environmentally friendly compared to commercial l-malic acid-based LTTMs. Based on environmental point of view, the overall process of biomass delignification using sucrose-based LTTMs had lower CO2 emissions compared to the monosodium glutamate- and choline chloride-based LTTMs. These findings are important for verifying the greenness and sustainability of LTTMs to be applied at industrial scale. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. date: 2018 publisher: Springer Verlag official_url: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051114758&doi=10.1007%2fs10098-018-1590-7&partnerID=40&md5=01cee5f392e45e7286c90ba2d77ae1c0 id_number: 10.1007/s10098-018-1590-7 full_text_status: none publication: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy volume: 20 number: 8 pagerange: 1917-1928 refereed: TRUE issn: 1618954X citation: Yiin, C.L. and Yusup, S. and Quitain, A.T. and Uemura, Y. and Sasaki, M. and Kida, T. (2018) Life cycle assessment of oil palm empty fruit bunch delignification using natural malic acid-based low-transition-temperature mixtures: a gate-to-gate case study. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 20 (8). pp. 1917-1928. ISSN 1618954X