TY  - JOUR
EP  - 1414
KW  - Ammonia; Biodegradable polymers; Biomolecules; Diffusion coatings; Diffusion in liquids; Diffusion in solids; Kinetics; Metabolism; Nitrogen fertilizers; Plastic coatings; Polyethylenes; Sodium borate; Soil testing; Starch; Urea
KW  -  Central composite rotatable design; Controlled release; Fluidized bed coating; Green fertilizer; Nitrogen release; Non-Fickian diffusion; Poly(acrylic acid ); Release performance
KW  -  Fluidized beds
N2  - To impede nitrogen loss due to leaching and NH3 volatilization, pristine urea particles are coated with synthetic polymers such as poly(acrylic acid) and polyethylene for the controlled release of nitrogen. However, due to nonbiodegradability and environmental and economic issues, these synthetic polymers are replaced with cheap, biodegradable, and green coating materials. In this study, borax-modified starch biopolymer is used to produce controlled release urea (CRU) in a tumbling fluidized bed. Central composite rotatable design is used to study the interactive effect of process parameters on time and kinetics of nitrogen release. Nitrogen release in distilled water is monitored by the UVâ??Vis spectrophotometer and soil burial test is used to observe release in soil. The optimum values of process parameters and response objectives generated by the analysis of variance are validated by triplicates of confirmation runs and the  error is reported as a precision indicator. A mathematical model is used to determine the diffusion coefficient of nitrogen release. Biopolymer-coated urea results in much better release performance when compared with starch-based CRU reported in the literature. The most influential process parameter both for time and kinetics of nitrogen release appears to be the coating time. Release time increases linearly with coating time and the diffusion coefficient decreases with increase in coating time. The kinetic study reveals that some of the samples followed non-Fickian diffusion and others followed Case-II transport during the release of nitrogen. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis.
VL  - 205
JF  - Chemical Engineering Communications
AV  - none
TI  - Parametric study of tumbling fluidized bed to evaluate nitrogen release characteristics of biopolymer-coated controlled release urea
SN  - 00986445
ID  - scholars9889
A1  - Azeem, B.
A1  - KuShaari, K.
A1  - Man, Z.
A1  - Irfan, S.A.
Y1  - 2018///
N1  - cited By 19
SP  - 1397
IS  - 10
PB  - Taylor and Francis Ltd.
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051749667&doi=10.1080%2f00986445.2018.1451993&partnerID=40&md5=9ce6d2ab23de5c0fec6fadde4d3c96bb
ER  -