TY  - JOUR
Y1  - 2018///
A1  - Chan, Y.H.
A1  - Tan, R.R.
A1  - Yusup, S.
A1  - Quitain, A.T.
A1  - Loh, S.K.
A1  - Uemura, Y.
KW  - Carbon dioxide; Effluent treatment; Environmental impact; Eutrophication; Global warming; Life cycle; Liquefaction; Palm oil; Phenols
KW  -  Bio-oils; Case-studies; Eutrophication potentials; Gate to gates; Global warming potential; Hydrothermal liquefactions; Novel process; Palm kernel shells; Supercritical CO 2; Supercritical extraction
KW  -  Supercritical fluid extraction
N2  - This paper presents the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel process involving hydrothermal liquefaction of palm kernel shell (PKS) to produce bio-oil and subsequent extraction using supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) to obtain a phenol-rich extract. In this study, five environmental impact categories, namely global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), human toxicity potential (HTP), and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), were considered. In addition, a qualitative analysis on technology readiness level (TRL) on the interpretation of the LCA results was included. Lastly, conventional production of crude phenol was chosen as the benchmark for comparison to identify the environmental impact margins that need to be bridged in the future through process improvements. © 2018, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
JF  - Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability
SN  - 25094238
IS  - 4
SP  - 343
TI  - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Production and Fractionation of Bio-Oil Derived from Palm Kernel Shell: a Gate-to-Gate Case Study
PB  - Springer
N1  - cited By 13
AV  - none
ID  - scholars9510
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069672069&doi=10.1007%2fs41660-018-0052-3&partnerID=40&md5=b4e23608ee548f12b4db5c9441cc98b1
VL  - 2
EP  - 351
ER  -