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primary topic: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Production and Fractionation of Bio-Oil Derived from Palm Kernel Shell: a Gate-to-Gate Case Study

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Production and Fractionation of Bio-Oil Derived from Palm Kernel Shell: a Gate-to-Gate Case Study
type: AcademicArticle
type: Article
abstract: This paper presents the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel process involving hydrothermal liquefaction of palm kernel shell (PKS) to produce bio-oil and subsequent extraction using supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) to obtain a phenol-rich extract. In this study, five environmental impact categories, namely global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), human toxicity potential (HTP), and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), were considered. In addition, a qualitative analysis on technology readiness level (TRL) on the interpretation of the LCA results was included. Lastly, conventional production of crude phenol was chosen as the benchmark for comparison to identify the environmental impact margins that need to be bridged in the future through process improvements. © 2018, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
date: 2018
volume: 2
issue: 4
is part of: Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability
status: peerReviewed
status: published
author list: authors
type: EPrint
type: ArticleEPrint
is part of: repository

Springer
type: Organization

Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability
type: Collection
issn: 25094238

S. Yusup
type: Person
given name: S.
family name: Yusup

S.K. Loh
type: Person
given name: S.K.
family name: Loh

Y. Uemura
type: Person
given name: Y.
family name: Uemura

Y.H. Chan
type: Person
given name: Y.H.
family name: Chan

R.R. Tan
type: Person
given name: R.R.
family name: Tan

A.T. Quitain
type: Person
given name: A.T.
family name: Quitain

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primary topic: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Production and Fractionation of Bio-Oil Derived from Palm Kernel Shell: a Gate-to-Gate Case Study