@article{scholars9236,
         journal = {Renewable Energy},
       publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
           pages = {755--765},
            year = {2017},
           title = {Preparation and kinetics study of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using new functionalized ionic liquids as catalysts},
            note = {cited By 76},
          volume = {114},
             doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.085},
          author = {Ullah, Z. and Bustam, M. A. and Man, Z. and Khan, A. S. and Muhammad, N. and Sarwono, A.},
            issn = {09601481},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026347945&doi=10.1016\%2fj.renene.2017.07.085&partnerID=40&md5=1d0fc392b5e341a929f8160cd3023e55},
        keywords = {Acids; Aromatic polymers; Biodiesel; Catalysts; Chromatography; Dissociation; Efficiency; Esters; Fatty acids; Gas chromatography; Ionic liquids; Ionization of gases; Kinetic theory; Kinetics; Nuclear magnetic resonance, Benzimidazoles; Flame ionization detectors; Functionalized ionic liquids; Kinetic study; Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR); Transesterification reaction; Trifluoromethanesulfonate; Waste cooking oil, Oils and fats, anion; aromatic hydrocarbon; biofuel; catalyst; chemical process; FTIR spectroscopy; gas chromatography; hydroxide; ionic liquid; ionization; nuclear magnetic resonance; optimization; performance assessment; physicochemical property; reaction kinetics; thermogravimetry; vegetable oil; waste},
        abstract = {In this work, 1,4-sultone and benzimidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with four different anions were synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and elemental analysis (CHNS). The acidity of the synthesized ILs was studied using Hammett acidity function and COSMO-RS. The waste cooking oil was used as a raw material for biodiesel production and their different fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). These four ILs, as catalysts, were screened and comparatively IL 3-methyl-1-(4-sulfo-butyl)-benzimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate BSMBIMCF3SO3 was selected for further detailed optimization study. This IL experimental efficiency results supported the Hammett acidity function and COSMO-RS study. The catalyst performance was studied and optimised the different parameters. The catalyst efficiency was studied in one and two-step reactions. BSMBIMCF3SO3 as a catalyst showed the esterification of waste cooking oil up to 78.13\% in a single step reaction. Potassium hydroxide was used in the second step to trans-esterify the waste cooking oil up to 94.52\%. The catalyst was reused for seven times with high-yield production. The obtained biodiesel was characterized by GC, NMR, FTIR, thermogravimetric (TGA) and their physicochemical properties were compared with the already established standards. The kinetic study of this transesterification reaction was evaluated and followed the first-order reaction mechanism. {\^A}{\copyright} 2017}
}