TY  - JOUR
IS  - 14
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017140321&doi=10.1007%2fs11356-017-8888-6&partnerID=40&md5=931a875ab5a7916cc1eb917901ba93b7
ID  - scholars8692
KW  - carbon dioxide; carbon emission; cointegration analysis; economic growth; energy use; environmental economics; feedback mechanism; Granger causality test; Gross Domestic Product; population density; structural change; trade openness
KW  -  Malaysia
KW  -  carbon dioxide
KW  -  commercial phenomena; economic development; Malaysia
KW  -  Carbon Dioxide; Commerce; Economic Development; Malaysia
AV  - none
N2  - The current study investigates the dynamic relationship between structural changes, real GDP per capita, energy consumption, trade openness, population density, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within the EKC framework over a period 1971â??2013. The study used the autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) approach to investigate the long-run relationship between the selected variables. The study also employed the dynamic ordinary least squared (DOLS) technique to obtain the robust long-run estimates. Moreover, the causal relationship between the variables is explored using the VECM Granger causality test. Empirical results reveal a negative relationship between structural change and CO2 emissions in the long run. The results indicate a positive relationship between energy consumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions. The study applied the turning point formula of Itkonen (2012) rather than the conventional formula of the turning point. The empirical estimates of the study do not support the presence of the EKC relationship between income and CO2 emissions. The Granger causality test indicates the presence of long-run bidirectional causality between energy consumption, structural change, and CO2 emissions in the long run. Economic growth, openness to trade, and population density unidirectionally cause CO2 emissions. These results suggest that the government should focus more on information-based services rather than energy-intensive manufacturing activities. The feedback relationship between energy consumption and CO2 emissions suggests that there is an ominous need to refurbish the energy-related policy reforms to ensure the installations of some energy-efficient modern technologies. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
A1  - Ali, W.
A1  - Abdullah, A.
A1  - Azam, M.
N1  - cited By 53
Y1  - 2017///
EP  - 12739
SP  - 12723
TI  - The dynamic relationship between structural change and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: a cointegrating approach
SN  - 09441344
VL  - 24
PB  - Springer Verlag
JF  - Environmental Science and Pollution Research
ER  -