TY  - JOUR
KW  - biological marker
KW  -  aged; Alzheimer disease; Article; clinical article; comparative study; controlled study; correlational study; female; figural fluency test; functional near-infrared spectroscopy; human; human tissue; hyperactivity; male; mild cognitive impairment; Mini Mental State Examination; nerve degeneration; nonhuman; oxygenation; prefrontal cortex; prognostic assessment; semantic verbal fluency task
TI  - Visualizing hyperactivation in neurodegeneration based on prefrontal oxygenation: A comparative study of mild Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy controls
ID  - scholars8412
IS  - SEP
N2  - Background: Cognitive performance is relatively well preserved during early cognitive impairment owing to compensatory mechanisms. Methods: We explored functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) alongside a semantic verbal fluency task (SVFT) to investigate any compensation exhibited by the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, a group of healthy controls (HC) was studied. A total of 61 volunteers (31 HC, 12 patients with MCI and 18 patients with mild AD) took part in the present study. Results: Although not statistically significant, MCI exhibited a greater mean activation of both the right and left PFC, followed by HC and mild AD. Analysis showed that in the left PFC, the time taken for HC to achieve the activation level was shorter than MCI and mild AD (p = 0.0047 and 0.0498, respectively); in the right PFC, mild AD took a longer time to achieve the activation level than HC and MCI (p = 0.0469 and 0.0335, respectively); in the right PFC, HC, and MCI demonstrated a steeper slope compared to mild AD (p = 0.0432 and 0. 0107, respectively). The results were, however, not significant when corrected by the Bonferroni-Holm method. There was also found to be a moderately positive correlation (R = 0.5886) between the oxygenation levels in the left PFC and a clinical measure Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in MCI subjects uniquely. Discussion: The hyperactivation in MCI coupled with a better SVFT performance may suggest neural compensation, although it is not known to what degree hyperactivation manifests as a potential indicator of compensatory mechanisms. However, hypoactivation plus a poorer SVFT performance in mild AD might indicate an inability to compensate due to the degree of structural impairment. Conclusion: Consistent with the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition, the task-elicited hyperactivation in MCI might reflect the presence of compensatory mechanisms and hypoactivation in mild AD could reflect an inability to compensate. Future studies will investigate the fNIRS parameters with a larger sample size, and their validity as prognostic biomarkers of neurodegeneration. © 2017 Yap, Ung, Ebenezer, Nordin, Chin, Sugathan, Chan, Yip, Kiguchi and Tang.
N1  - cited By 57
AV  - none
VL  - 9
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030153101&doi=10.3389%2ffnagi.2017.00287&partnerID=40&md5=01b7257646a7a8c1c9783ebb5f8d9f5d
JF  - Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
A1  - Yap, K.H.
A1  - Ung, W.C.
A1  - Ebenezer, E.G.M.
A1  - Nordin, N.
A1  - Chin, P.S.
A1  - Sugathan, S.
A1  - Chan, S.C.
A1  - Yip, H.L.
A1  - Kiguchi, M.
A1  - Tang, T.B.
SN  - 16634365
PB  - Frontiers Media S.A.
Y1  - 2017///
ER  -