@article{scholars7085,
             doi = {10.1080/15435075.2014.974762},
          volume = {13},
           title = {Biodiesel synthesis and characterization using welted thistle plant (Carduus acanthoides) as source of new non-edible seed oil},
          number = {5},
           pages = {462--469},
            note = {cited By 16},
       publisher = {Taylor and Francis Inc.},
         journal = {International Journal of Green Energy},
            year = {2016},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962439404&doi=10.1080\%2f15435075.2014.974762&partnerID=40&md5=2e0f6a31087be3062bf8ba2b0e914e2f},
        abstract = {In this work we applied base catalyzed transesterification to convert non-edible welted thistle oil (Carduus acanthoides) as new non-edible feedstock into biodiesel (Fatty acid methyl esters). The highest biodiesel yield of 88 was obtained using optimized reaction conditions of 70{\^A}oC and 5:1 molar ratio (methanol:oil). The synthesized esters were characterize and confirmed by the application of NMR and FT-IR techniques. Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy identified different fatty acids as palmatic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), arachidic acid (C20:0), eicosanic acid (C20:1), and erucic acid (C22:1) in the oil of welted thistle. Six corresponding methyl esters reported in welted thistle oil biodiesel includes 9-hexadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecadienoic acid, 11-eicosanoic acid, eicosanoic acid and 13-docosenoicacid. Fuel properties, such as density @40{\^A}oC Kg/L (0.8470), kinematic viscosity @ 40{\^A}oC c St (4.37), flash point (95{\^A}oC), cloud point (+4{\^A}oC), pour point (-5{\^A}oC), and sulfur contents (0.0112 wt) of the biodiesel produced were compatible with American Society for Testing and Materials D 6751 specifications. {\^A}{\copyright} 2016 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
          author = {Sultana, S. and Ahmad, M. and Zafar, M. and Ullah, K. and Ashraf, M. A. and Ayoub, M. and Tareen, N. M.},
        keywords = {Biodiesel; Esters; Gas chromatography; Linoleic acid; Mass spectrometry; Materials testing; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Oils and fats; Palmitic acid; Saturated fatty acids; Seed; Synthetic fuels, American society for testing and materials; Biodiesel synthesis; FAMEs; Fatty acid methyl ester; GC-MS; Non-edible oil; Optimized reaction conditions; welted thistle, Fatty acids, bioenergy; biofuel; FTIR spectroscopy; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; nuclear magnetic resonance; vegetable oil, Carduus acanthoides; Carduus crispus},
            issn = {15435075}
}