%R 10.1007/s12649-015-9460-6
%J Waste and Biomass Valorization
%T Impact of Ball-Milling Pretreatment on Pyrolysis Behavior and Kinetics of Crystalline Cellulose
%A A.S. Khan
%A Z. Man
%A M.A. Bustam
%A C.F. Kait
%A M.I. Khan
%A N. Muhammad
%A A. Nasrullah
%A Z. Ullah
%A P. Ahmad
%L scholars7010
%D 2016
%V 7
%X Effect of ball-milling pretreatment on pyrolysis characteristics of cellulose was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at four different heating rates; 5, 10, 20, and 40 K/min. Variation in the thermal stability and activation energy of cellulose with ball-milling were calculated by TGA Kinetics using Kissinger, Kissinger�Akahira�Sunose, Flynn�Wall�Ozawa and Starink model free methods. Results demonstrated that ball-milling reduced the thermal stability and activation energy of cellulose. The original and ball-milled cellulose were thoroughly characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that ball-milling decreased the crystallinity of cellulose from 93 to 51 . The results suggested that ball-milling pretreatment led to effective disruption of crystalline cellulose to amorphous cellulose. It is, therefore, concluded that the ball-milled cellulose can easily become a useful source of chemicals and energy than crystalline cellulose. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
%N 3
%I Springer Netherlands
%O cited By 55
%P 571-581
%K Activation energy; Cellulose; Chemical activation; Crystalline materials; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Milling (machining); Pyrolysis; Scanning electron microscopy; Thermodynamic stability; Thermogravimetric analysis; X ray diffraction analysis, Amorphous cellulose; Crystalline cellulose; Crystallinities; Crystallinity index; Model-free method; Pre-Treatment; Pyrolysis characteristics; Thermokinetics, Ball milling, Activation Energy; Cellulose; Coefficients; Crystallinity; Grinding