TY  - JOUR
SP  - 571
TI  - Impact of Ball-Milling Pretreatment on Pyrolysis Behavior and Kinetics of Crystalline Cellulose
N1  - cited By 55
AV  - none
EP  - 581
PB  - Springer Netherlands
SN  - 18772641
ID  - scholars7010
KW  - Activation energy; Cellulose; Chemical activation; Crystalline materials; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Milling (machining); Pyrolysis; Scanning electron microscopy; Thermodynamic stability; Thermogravimetric analysis; X ray diffraction analysis
KW  -  Amorphous cellulose; Crystalline cellulose; Crystallinities; Crystallinity index; Model-free method; Pre-Treatment; Pyrolysis characteristics; Thermokinetics
KW  -  Ball milling
KW  -  Activation Energy; Cellulose; Coefficients; Crystallinity; Grinding
IS  - 3
N2  - Effect of ball-milling pretreatment on pyrolysis characteristics of cellulose was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at four different heating rates; 5, 10, 20, and 40 K/min. Variation in the thermal stability and activation energy of cellulose with ball-milling were calculated by TGA Kinetics using Kissinger, Kissingerâ??Akahiraâ??Sunose, Flynnâ??Wallâ??Ozawa and Starink model free methods. Results demonstrated that ball-milling reduced the thermal stability and activation energy of cellulose. The original and ball-milled cellulose were thoroughly characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that ball-milling decreased the crystallinity of cellulose from 93 to 51 . The results suggested that ball-milling pretreatment led to effective disruption of crystalline cellulose to amorphous cellulose. It is, therefore, concluded that the ball-milled cellulose can easily become a useful source of chemicals and energy than crystalline cellulose. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
VL  - 7
A1  - Khan, A.S.
A1  - Man, Z.
A1  - Bustam, M.A.
A1  - Kait, C.F.
A1  - Khan, M.I.
A1  - Muhammad, N.
A1  - Nasrullah, A.
A1  - Ullah, Z.
A1  - Ahmad, P.
JF  - Waste and Biomass Valorization
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84969544786&doi=10.1007%2fs12649-015-9460-6&partnerID=40&md5=1933d62150010c6288540be5931c38e0
Y1  - 2016///
ER  -