@article{scholars7010,
            note = {cited By 55},
         journal = {Waste and Biomass Valorization},
            year = {2016},
       publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
          number = {3},
           title = {Impact of Ball-Milling Pretreatment on Pyrolysis Behavior and Kinetics of Crystalline Cellulose},
          volume = {7},
             doi = {10.1007/s12649-015-9460-6},
           pages = {571--581},
        abstract = {Effect of ball-milling pretreatment on pyrolysis characteristics of cellulose was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at four different heating rates; 5, 10, 20, and 40{\^A} K/min. Variation in the thermal stability and activation energy of cellulose with ball-milling were calculated by TGA Kinetics using Kissinger, Kissinger{\^a}??Akahira{\^a}??Sunose, Flynn{\^a}??Wall{\^a}??Ozawa and Starink model free methods. Results demonstrated that ball-milling reduced the thermal stability and activation energy of cellulose. The original and ball-milled cellulose were thoroughly characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that ball-milling decreased the crystallinity of cellulose from 93 to 51{\^A} . The results suggested that ball-milling pretreatment led to effective disruption of crystalline cellulose to amorphous cellulose. It is, therefore, concluded that the ball-milled cellulose can easily become a useful source of chemicals and energy than crystalline cellulose. {\^A}{\copyright} 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84969544786&doi=10.1007\%2fs12649-015-9460-6&partnerID=40&md5=1933d62150010c6288540be5931c38e0},
            issn = {18772641},
        keywords = {Activation energy; Cellulose; Chemical activation; Crystalline materials; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Milling (machining); Pyrolysis; Scanning electron microscopy; Thermodynamic stability; Thermogravimetric analysis; X ray diffraction analysis, Amorphous cellulose; Crystalline cellulose; Crystallinities; Crystallinity index; Model-free method; Pre-Treatment; Pyrolysis characteristics; Thermokinetics, Ball milling, Activation Energy; Cellulose; Coefficients; Crystallinity; Grinding},
          author = {Khan, A. S. and Man, Z. and Bustam, M. A. and Kait, C. F. and Khan, M. I. and Muhammad, N. and Nasrullah, A. and Ullah, Z. and Ahmad, P.}
}