relation: https://khub.utp.edu.my/scholars/6936/
title: A novel hybrid catalyst for the esterification of high FFA in Jatropha oil for biodiesel production
creator: Mushtaq, M.
creator: Tan, I.M.
creator: Sagir, M.
creator: Suleman Tahir, M.
creator: Pervaiz, M.
description: The synthesis and application of a hybrid catalyst for the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in Jatropha oil is reported. Three catalysts, namely silica sulfuric acid, silica supported boron trifluoride and a combination of the two in the weight ratio of 1:1, the hybrid catalyst, were investigated. Jatropha oil samples with a wide range of FFA values i.e. 6.64 to 45.64 were prepared and utilized for the experimental work. This study revealed that silica sulfuric acid and silica supported boron trifluoride were not very effective when used independently. However, a strong synergistic effect was noted in the catalytic activity of the hybrid catalyst which reduced the FFA value from 45.64 to 0.903 with a conversion efficiency of 98. Reusability of the catalyst was also tested and the results were promising in up to three cycles of use when used with lower amounts of FFA (6.64) in the oil. Under the influence of the catalyst, the reaction was found to follow first order kinetics. Activation energy was calculated to be 45.42 KJ�mol-1 for 2 wt. of hybrid catalyst. The products were analyzed by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques and the results are reported. © 2016 CSIC.
publisher: Instituto de la Grasa
date: 2016
type: Article
type: PeerReviewed
identifier:   Mushtaq, M. and Tan, I.M. and Sagir, M. and Suleman Tahir, M. and Pervaiz, M.  (2016) A novel hybrid catalyst for the esterification of high FFA in Jatropha oil for biodiesel production.  Grasas y Aceites, 67 (3).   ISSN 00173495     
relation: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84988966420&doi=10.3989%2fgya.0216161&partnerID=40&md5=cd39193048a5d8665b67a88f73a3db64
relation: 10.3989/gya.0216161
identifier: 10.3989/gya.0216161