@article{scholars6936,
         journal = {Grasas y Aceites},
       publisher = {Instituto de la Grasa},
            year = {2016},
           title = {A novel hybrid catalyst for the esterification of high FFA in Jatropha oil for biodiesel production},
             doi = {10.3989/gya.0216161},
          volume = {67},
            note = {cited By 2},
          number = {3},
          author = {Mushtaq, M. and Tan, I. M. and Sagir, M. and Suleman Tahir, M. and Pervaiz, M.},
            issn = {00173495},
        abstract = {The synthesis and application of a hybrid catalyst for the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in Jatropha oil is reported. Three catalysts, namely silica sulfuric acid, silica supported boron trifluoride and a combination of the two in the weight ratio of 1:1, the hybrid catalyst, were investigated. Jatropha oil samples with a wide range of FFA values i.e. 6.64 to 45.64 were prepared and utilized for the experimental work. This study revealed that silica sulfuric acid and silica supported boron trifluoride were not very effective when used independently. However, a strong synergistic effect was noted in the catalytic activity of the hybrid catalyst which reduced the FFA value from 45.64 to 0.903 with a conversion efficiency of 98. Reusability of the catalyst was also tested and the results were promising in up to three cycles of use when used with lower amounts of FFA (6.64) in the oil. Under the influence of the catalyst, the reaction was found to follow first order kinetics. Activation energy was calculated to be 45.42 KJ{\^a}?cmol-1 for 2 wt. of hybrid catalyst. The products were analyzed by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques and the results are reported. {\^A}{\copyright} 2016 CSIC.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84988966420&doi=10.3989\%2fgya.0216161&partnerID=40&md5=cd39193048a5d8665b67a88f73a3db64},
        keywords = {Activation energy; Biodiesel; Boron; Catalysts; Esterification; Esters; Fatty acids; Reaction kinetics; Reusability; Silica; Sulfuric acid, Biodiesel production; Esterification of free fatty acids; First order kinetics; Free fatty acid; Heterogeneous catalyst; Jatropha oil; Silica sulfuric acids; Spectroscopic technique, Catalyst activity}
}