@article{scholars6452,
          volume = {139},
           title = {Valorization of Bambara groundnut shell via intermediate pyrolysis: Products distribution and characterization},
             doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.090},
           pages = {717--728},
            note = {cited By 41},
         journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
            year = {2016},
       publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84995578575&doi=10.1016\%2fj.jclepro.2016.08.090&partnerID=40&md5=e6a802811e04e778f73c41fa17fe9e15},
        abstract = {This study provides first report on thermochemical conversion of residue from one of the underutilized crops, Bambara groundnut. Shells from two Bambara groundnut landraces KARO and EX-SOKOTO were used. Pyrolysis was conducted in a vertical fixed bed reactor at 500, 550, 600 and 650 {\^A}oC; 50 {\^A}oC/min heating rate and 5 L/min nitrogen flow rate. The report gives experimental results on characteristic of the feedstock, impact of temperature on the pyrolysis product distribution (bio-oil, bio-char and non-condensable gas). It evaluates the chemical and physicochemical properties of bio-oil, characteristics of bio-char and composition of the non-condensable gas using standard analytical techniques. KARO shell produced more bio-oil and was maximum at 600 {\^A}oC (37.21 wt) compared to EX-SOKOTO with the highest bio-oil yield of 32.79 wt under the same condition. Two-phase bio-oil (organic and aqueous) was collected and analyzed. The organic phase from both feedstocks was made up of benzene derivatives which can be used as a precursor for quality biofuel production while the aqueous from KARO consisted sugars and other valuable chemicals compared to the aqueous phase from EX-SOKOTO which comprised of acids, ketones, aldehydes and phenols. Characteristics of bio-char and composition of the non-condensable were also determined. The results show that bio-char is rich in carbon and some minerals which can be utilized either as a solid fuel or source of bio-fertilizer. The non-condensable gas was made up of methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, which can be recycled to the reactor as a carrier gas. This study demonstrated recovery of high quality fuel precursor and other valuable materials from Bambara groundnut shell. {\^A}{\copyright} 2016 Elsevier Ltd},
          author = {Mohammed, I. Y. and Abakr, Y. A. and Musa, M. and Yusup, S. and Singh, A. and Kazi, F. K.},
        keywords = {Carbon dioxide; Carbon monoxide; Characterization; Chemical analysis; Chemical reactors; Feedstocks; Fertilizers; Fuels; Gases; Ketones; Organic chemicals; Pyrolysis; Shells (structures), Bambara groundnuts; Bio chars; Bio oil; Impact of temperatures; Non-condensable gas; Physicochemical property; Products distributions; Thermochemical Conversion, Biofuels},
            issn = {09596526}
}