@inproceedings{scholars5856,
           title = {Microscopy of hierarchically organized TiO 2 photoelectrode for dye solar cells},
         journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
       publisher = {American Institute of Physics Inc.},
             doi = {10.1063/1.4919207},
            year = {2015},
          volume = {1669},
            note = {cited By 0; Conference of 23rd Scientific Conference of Microscopy Society Malaysia, SCMSM 2014 ; Conference Date: 10 December 2014 Through 12 December 2014; Conference Code:113582},
            isbn = {9780735413160},
            issn = {0094243X},
          author = {Eskandar, A. and Mohamed, N. M.},
        abstract = {Research on improving the performance of dye solar cells has various aspects of the device being investigated. This paper analyzes the deliberately hierarchized photoelectrode configuration for DSC applications to improve the performance of DSCs. Multiple layers of differently composed TiO 2 particle types namely aggregates and nanoparticles were deposited to form a photoelectrode with thickness of about 12 {\^I}1/4m. The photoelectrodes were assembled into working DSCs with an active area of 1 cm 2 . Measurement for solar power conversion performance was measured under 1 sun at AM1.5 spectrum simulated sunlight. Electron microscopy for photoelectrode analysis was conducted using Field Emission Scattering Electron Microscopy with enhanced resolution. External Quantum Efficiency was measured using a purpose built instrument. Kinetics were investigated using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurement with a potentiostat. The best performing DSC is of the hierarchically organized photoelectrode with a photoconversion efficiency of 4.58, an increase of 14 in comparison to the reference samples with fully aggregates configuration. Short circuit current density, Jsc increases by about 2.223 mA cm -2 relative to the blanks. The electron microscopy confirmed expected thickness at around 10 {\^I}1/4m and layers forming the photoelectrode being hierarchically deposited with {\^a}?1/420 nm TiO 2 nanoparticles and 450 nm TiO 2 aggregates mixture composition. EQE improved especially for visible region of 500-550 nm light wavelengths with 12  increase in the response of in that region. Improvement to the diffusion coefficient as measured by the EIS contributed to the performance increase of the photoelectrode configuration under investigation. {\^A}{\copyright} 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063823558&doi=10.1063\%2f1.4919207&partnerID=40&md5=8340a3ce9a5907fde44303f55d437da6}
}