TY  - BOOK
EP  - 78
A1  - Mohamed, M.
A1  - Yusup, S.
A1  - Wahyudiono
A1  - Machmudah, S.
A1  - Goto, M.
A1  - Uemura, Y.
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958251081&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-07578-5_3&partnerID=40&md5=b13051b3d12101b2241c13e5b875c3d8
PB  - Springer International Publishing
SN  - 9783319075785; 9783319075778
Y1  - 2015///
ID  - scholars5758
TI  - Upgrading of oil palm empty fruit bunch to value-added products
SP  - 63
KW  - Agricultural wastes; Biofuels; Biomass; Carbon dioxide; Dichloromethane; Effluent treatment; Fossil fuels; Fruits; Gas chromatography; Glycerol; Greenhouse gases; Mass spectrometry; Palmitic acid; Particle size; Saturated fatty acids; Stearic acid; Supercritical fluid extraction; Supercritical fluids
KW  -  Bio oil; Empty fruit bunches; Extraction conditions; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometries (GC-MS); Greenhouse gases emissions; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Supercritical CO2; Value added products
KW  -  Palm oil
N1  - cited By 1
N2  - As the second largest producer of palm oil in the world, Malaysia generates a substantial amount of oil palm biomass as agricultural wastes in the forms of empty fruit bunches, shell and fiber, fronds, leaves, and trunks. This biomass feedstock has long been identified as a sustainable source of renewable energy which could reduce the dependency on fossil fuels as the main source of the energy supply and thus lead to reduction of greenhouse gases emission. This chapter highlights the application of oil palm biomass as value-added product and specifically demonstrates the capability of empty fruit bunch as renewable source in generating bio-oil which later could be upgraded as biofuel. Green extraction technique known as supercritical fluid extraction using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) was implemented in this study. Effects of two extraction conditions were investigated which includes temperature (60-80 °C) and CO2 flow rate (3-6 mL/min). The extraction was conducted for 2 h using 10 g of OPEFB within particle size 0.15 mm. The crude bio-oil obtained in this study was diluted in 10 mL dichloromethane (DCM) for analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid, C16), dodecanoic acid 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester (glycerol trilaurate, C39), and 6 octadecanoic acid (stearic acid, C18:0) were identified as the major compounds. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014.
AV  - none
ER  -