@article{scholars5718,
         journal = {International Journal of Multiphase Flow},
       publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
           pages = {257--266},
            year = {2015},
           title = {Estimation of gas void formation in statically cooled waxy crude oil using online capacitance measurement},
          volume = {75},
            note = {cited By 17},
             doi = {10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.06.005},
          author = {Shafquet, A. and Ismail, I. and Japper-Jaafar, A. and Sulaiman, S. A. and Chala, G. T.},
            issn = {03019322},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84936884966&doi=10.1016\%2fj.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.06.005&partnerID=40&md5=f6c68719669eb707fd3ef66951b8cc16},
        keywords = {Capacitance; Capacitance measurement; Cooling; Electric impedance tomography; Gas industry; Gases; Gelation; Non Newtonian flow; Non Newtonian liquids; Petroleum deposits; Petroleum industry; Proven reserves; Shrinkage; Social networking (online), Cooling temperature; Dual-plane; Electrical Capacitance Tomography; Non-intrusive approach; Non-Newtonian fluids; Oil and Gas Industry; Wax appearance temperature; Waxy Crude Oil, Crude oil},
        abstract = {Waxy crude oil is one of the massively produced petroleum reserves in the oil and gas industry. It possesses two different natures at different conditions. At a temperature above its wax appearance temperature it functions as a Newtonian fluid. Moreover, when it flows in a subsea environment where the temperature drops, the occurrence of non-Newtonian fluid would appear. However, it is mandatory to prevent the pipelines from building up with the solid wax layer, or else a strong paraffinic gel structure would plug the flow of the waxy crude oil. This gel accumulation results in the emergence of thermal shrinkage where gas voids consequently occur. A Malay Basin waxy crude oil has used for this study to investigate the gas void formation in statically cooled waxy crude oil using an online Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) measurement. This paper has been focused on the development of a non-invasive, non-intrusive approach for the visualization of waxy crude oil by applying the ECT system. The online inspection of the behavior of waxy crude oil is important so that the appropriate action can be taken during the gas void formation within a gelled crude oil. An experimental study was conducted on a 1.18. in. circular flow loop rig at distinct temperatures to assess the behavior and formation of gas voids formed due to thermal shrinkage. A capacitance sensor with dual planes consisting of eight electrodes per plane was installed on the rig to capture the images and measure the raw capacitance. Gas voids within a range of 8-14 were observed within the gelled crude oil based on different cooling temperatures. It has been found from the analysis that the gas voids follow an increasing trend with a decrease in temperature and cooling rate. {\^A}{\copyright} 2015 Elsevier Ltd.}
}