@article{scholars4415,
            year = {2014},
           pages = {597--602},
         journal = {Applied Mechanics and Materials},
             doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.465-466.597},
          volume = {465-46},
            note = {cited By 10; Conference of 4th International Conference on Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, ICME 2013 ; Conference Date: 17 December 2013 Through 18 December 2013; Conference Code:101955},
         address = {Bangi-Putrajaya},
           title = {The performance of turning diffusers at various inlet conditions},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84891959750&doi=10.4028\%2fwww.scientific.net\%2fAMM.465-466.597&partnerID=40&md5=7e27decf300bfb99f738b73df2fe31e2},
        keywords = {Digital manometers; Flow uniformity; Inlet conditions; Operating condition; Outlet pressures; Particle image velocimetries; Pressure energies; Pressure recovery, Energy dissipation; Flow visualization; Industrial engineering; Intake systems; Kinetics; Recovery; Reynolds number; Velocimeters; Velocity measurement, Inlet flow},
        abstract = {A turning diffuser is often introduced in the flow line to recover the energy losses by converting the kinetic energy to pressure energy. There are two types of turning diffusers, i.e. a 2-D and 3-D diffuser that are commonly defined by their expansion direction. This study aims to investigate the performance of a 2-D and a 3-D turning diffuser with 90{\^A}o angle of turn and an area ratio, AR=2.16 by means of varying operating conditions. The geometry configurations applied for a 2-D turning diffuser are outlet-inlet configurations, W2/W12-D=2.160, X2/X12-D =1.000 and an inner wall length to an inlet throat width ratio, Lin/W12-D=4.370, whereas for a 3-D turning diffuser, they are W2/W13-D=1.440, X2/X13-D =1.500 and Lin/W13-D=3.970. The operating conditions represented by inflow Reynolds numbers, Rein are varied from 5.786E+04 to 1.775E+05. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used to examine the flow quality, and a digital manometer provides the average static pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turning diffuser. A compromise between the maximum permissible pressure recovery and flow uniformity is determined based upon the need. Whenever the flow uniformity being the need it is promising to apply a 3-D turning diffuser for Rein=1.027E+05 - 1.775E+05 and a 2-D turning diffuser for Rein=5.786E+04-6.382E+04. On the other hand, it is viable to opt for a 3-D turning diffuser for Rein=5.786E+04-6.382E+04 and a 2-D turning diffuser for Rein=1.027E+05-1.775E+05 in the case of the outlet pressure recovery being the need. The secondary flow separation takes place prior at 1/2Lin/W1 for a 2-D turning diffuser, whereas approximately at 3/4Lin/W1 for a 3-D turning diffuser. {\^A}{\copyright} (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.},
          author = {Nordin, N. and Abdul Karim, Z. A. and Othman, S. and Raghavan, V. R.},
            issn = {16609336},
            isbn = {9783037859339}
}