<mets:mets LABEL="Eprints Item" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/METS/ http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/mets.xsd http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-3.xsd" OBJID="eprint_20515" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mets="http://www.loc.gov/METS/" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3"><mets:metsHdr CREATEDATE="2026-04-29T16:25:47Z"><mets:agent TYPE="ORGANIZATION" ROLE="CUSTODIAN"><mets:name>UTP Scholars</mets:name></mets:agent></mets:metsHdr><mets:dmdSec ID="DMD_eprint_20515_mods"><mets:mdWrap MDTYPE="MODS"><mets:xmlData><mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Evaluation of cost competitiveness of electric vehicles in Malaysia using life cycle cost analysis approach</mods:title></mods:titleInfo><mods:name type="personal"><mods:namePart type="given">Siti Indati</mods:namePart><mods:namePart type="family">Mustapa</mods:namePart><mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role></mods:name><mods:name type="personal"><mods:namePart type="given">Bamidele Victor</mods:namePart><mods:namePart type="family">Ayodele</mods:namePart><mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role></mods:name><mods:name type="personal"><mods:namePart type="given">WaznatolWidad Mohamad</mods:namePart><mods:namePart type="family">Ishak</mods:namePart><mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role></mods:name><mods:name type="personal"><mods:namePart type="given">Freida Ozavize</mods:namePart><mods:namePart type="family">Ayodele</mods:namePart><mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role></mods:name><mods:abstract>The need to mitigate CO2 emissions from the transportation sector has necessitated the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and other forms of alternative vehicles. Despite the global rise of EVs demand as a complementary means of green transportations, the level of adoption in Malaysia is still not encouraging. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the cost competitiveness of EVs in comparison with Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and an Internal Combustion Vehicle (ICV) based on Malaysia scenarios. Using the existing data in Malaysia, life cost analysis (LCC) of two EVs was computed and compared with HEVs and ICVs. The study shows that Nissan leaf and BMW i3s EVs with LCC of 1.75 and 2.5 per km are not cost-competitive based on prevalent data available in Malaysia compared to the HEVs and ICV. Based on the sensitivity analysis, changes in the components of the operating costs significantly influence the accumulated cost of ownership of the EVs whereas the cost of ownership of the HEVs and ICVs did not experience any significant influence. The findings from this study could serve as bases for policymakers to formulate appropriate policies and strategies to improve the competitiveness of EVs in Malaysia. © 2020 by the authors.</mods:abstract><mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued encoding="iso8601">2020</mods:dateIssued></mods:originInfo><mods:originInfo><mods:publisher>MDPI</mods:publisher></mods:originInfo><mods:genre>Article</mods:genre></mets:xmlData></mets:mdWrap></mets:dmdSec><mets:amdSec ID="TMD_eprint_20515"><mets:rightsMD ID="rights_eprint_20515_mods"><mets:mdWrap MDTYPE="MODS"><mets:xmlData><mods:useAndReproduction>
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