@article{scholars19939,
             doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119919},
            year = {2024},
          volume = {351},
            note = {cited By 1},
           title = {Long-term evaluation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) steam reforming over lanthanum-based perovskite oxides},
         journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
          author = {Cheng, Y. W. and Chong, C. C. and Cheng, C. K. and Wang, C.-H. and Ng, K. H. and Witoon, T. and Lam, M. K. and Lim, J. W.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85181047920&doi=10.1016\%2fj.jenvman.2023.119919&partnerID=40&md5=11b4535203df6b6d30382dca6ec1d9f6},
        keywords = {Carbon; Catalyst deactivation; Chlorine compounds; Coke; Deposition; Effluents; Flow of gases; Lanthanum compounds; Oil shale; Palm oil; Particle size; Perovskite; Sintering; Steam reforming; Synthesis gas; Synthesis gas manufacture, Agroindustries; Agroindustry effluent; Decarbonation; Long-term assessment; Long-term evaluation; Palm oil mill effluents; Steam reforming catalysts; Thermochemical Conversion; Wastewater valorization; ]+ catalyst, Hydrogen production, carbon; functional group; inorganic compound; lanthanum oxide; mineral; perovskite; calcium derivative; coke; lanthanum; lanthanum oxide; oxide; palm oil; perovskite; titanium; vegetable oil, adsorption; catalyst; effluent; gas flow; microstructure; oxide group; perovskite; pollutant removal; residence time, adsorption; Article; ash; biodegradation; catalyst; chemical composition; chemical reaction; chemical structure; chemical vapor deposition; clinical classification; clinical evaluation; clinical examination; crystallization; effluent; field emission scanning electron microscopy; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; gas flow; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; molecular stability; nonhuman; palm oil mill effluent; particle size; porosity; retention time; transmission electron microscopy; vaporization; water vapor; X ray diffraction; chemistry; industrial waste; water vapor, Calcium Compounds; Carbon; Coke; Industrial Waste; Lanthanum; Oxides; Palm Oil; Plant Oils; Steam; Titanium},
        abstract = {To replace the obsolete ponding system, palm oil mill effluent (POME) steam reforming (SR) over net-acidic LaNiO3 and net-basic LaCoO3 were proposed as the POME primary treatments, with promising H2-rich syngas production. Herein, the long-term evaluation of POME SR was scrutinized with both catalysts under the optimal conditions (600 {\^A}oC, 0.09 mL POME/min, 0.3 g catalyst, \& 74{\^a}??105 {\^I}1/4m catalyst particle size) to examine the catalyst microstructure changes, transient process stability, and final effluent evaluation. Extensive characterization proved the (i) adsorption of POME vapour on catalysts before SR, (ii) deposition of carbon and minerals on spent SR catalysts, and (iii) dominance of coking deactivation over sintering deactivation at 600 {\^A}oC. Despite its longer run, spent LaCoO3 (50.54 wt) had similar carbon deposition with spent LaNiO3 (50.44 wt), concurring with its excellent coke resistance. Spent LaCoO3 (6.12 wt; large protruding crystals) suffered a harsher mineral deposition than spent LaNiO3 (3.71 wt; thin film coating), confirming that lower reactivity increased residence time of reactants. Transient syngas evolution of both SR catalysts was relatively steady up to 4 h but perturbed by coking deactivation thereafter. La2O2CO3 acted as an intermediate species that hastened the coke removal via reverse Boudouard reaction upon its decarbonation. La2O2CO3 decarbonation occurred continuously in LaCoO3 system but intermittently in LaNiO3 system. LaNiO3 system only lasted for 13 h as its compact ash blocked the gas flow. LaCoO3 system lasted longer (17 h) with its porous ash, but it eventually failed because KCl crystallites blocked its active sites. Relatively, LaCoO3 system offered greater net H2 production (72.78) and POME treatment volume (30.77) than LaNiO3 system. SR could attain appreciable POME degradation (\>97 COD, BOD5, TSS, \& colour intensity). Withal, SR-treated POME should be polished to further reduce its incompliant COD and BOD5. {\^A}{\copyright} 2023 Elsevier Ltd}
}