@article{scholars19926,
         journal = {Biomass and Bioenergy},
           title = {Kinetic \& thermodynamic studies of green fuel additive solketal from crude glycerol over metakaolin clay catalyst},
            year = {2024},
             doi = {10.1016/j.biombioe.2023.107029},
            note = {cited By 4},
          volume = {181},
          author = {Zahid, I. and Ayoub, M. and Nazir, M. H. and Sher, F. and Shamsuddin, R. and Abdullah, B. B. and Ameen, M.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183611771&doi=10.1016\%2fj.biombioe.2023.107029&partnerID=40&md5=e176ebc26e99cd963a542d4e657e073f},
        abstract = {Biodiesel synthesis produces about 10  glycerol as a byproduct, prompting environmental concerns. The utilization of crude glycerol into valuable products requires an Eco-friendly technique. This study depicts glycerol acetalization using acetone and novel catalyst acid-treated metakaolin clay. Raw kaolin clay was calcined at 600 {\^A}oC and treated with acid at 102 {\^A}oC for 3 h. Afterward, acid activated clay was filtrate and dried in oven to remove moisture content. The catalyst prepared with a 5 M solution of sulfuric acid exhibited the highest surface area of 82.33 m2. g{\^a}??1 and gave the highest yield (80 ) of Solketal with 73  of glycerol conversion under optimum conditions. The ketalization reaction of Solketal synthesis was studied in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expression based on two-parameter kinetic law was used in this study. From the kinetic studies, activation energies (EA) of forward and backward reactions were found to be K1 = 39.23 kJ. mol{\^a}??1 and K2 = 35.70 kJ. mol{\^a}??1 respectively. Furthermore, reaction was exothermic having an enthalpy of {\^I}?Ho = {\^a}??18.86 kJ. mol{\^a}??1 and the entropy {\^I}?So = {\^a}??0.1 kJ. mol{\^a}??1 calculated from this process. Solketal derived from sustainable sources such as bio-glycerol and biomass-based acetone, has a wide range of uses as fuel additives and medicines industry. This research marks a significant advancement in the development of a continuous synthesis technique for Solketal and its recovery from glycerol-acetone mixtures. {\^A}{\copyright} 2023 The Authors}
}