@article{scholars19907,
           pages = {1307--1318},
           title = {Enhanced microalgal hydrogen production subsisting on visible light TiO2 nanotubes photocatalyst pre-treated palm kernel expeller},
         journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
             doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.12.099},
            year = {2024},
          volume = {54},
            note = {cited By 2},
        abstract = {The present study investigated the application of photocatalytic process using TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) photocatalyst as an effective pre-treatment method for palm kernel expeller (PKE) in increasing its biodegradability to enhance the microalgal hydrogen production via dark fermentation. A series of TiO2 NTs photocatalysts were synthesized via employing electrochemical anodization of Ti foil at various voltages each in different types of electrolytes (choline chloride-ethylene glycol (ChCl-EG), choline chloride-urea (ChCl-U), choline chloride-glycerol (ChCl-Gly)). Increasing trend of average NTs diameters at 26.14 {\^A}{$\pm$} 1.30, 73.01 {\^A}{$\pm$} 1.94 and 122.00 {\^A}{$\pm$} 13.32 nm was observed for 25, 30 and 35 V in synthesizing TiO2 NTs using suitable ChCl-EG electrolyte, respectively. The high 35 V had resulted in noticeable pore ruptures within this TiO2 NTs photocatalyst. The PKE pre-treated by TiO2 NTs photocatalyst anodized at optimum 30 V in ChCl-EG electrolyte had demonstrated the highest releases of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentrations at 594 and 607 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the microalgal efficiency of BOD5 conversion and hydrogen yield were also consistently maintained from third cycle of TiO2 NTs photocatalyst's reutilizations, signifying the stability of TiO2 NTs photocatalyst. {\^A}{\copyright} 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC},
        keywords = {Biochemical oxygen demand; Biodegradability; Chlorine compounds; Electrolytes; Ethylene; Ethylene glycol; Fermentation; Hydrogen production; Nanotubes; Oxygen; Titanium dioxide; Urea, Choline chloride; Dark fermentation; Green hydrogen production; Micro-algae; Palm kernel; Palm kernel expeller; Photocatalytic process; Pretreatment methods; TiO 2 nanotube; Visible light, Microalgae},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85180377245&doi=10.1016\%2fj.ijhydene.2023.12.099&partnerID=40&md5=28a4be97ba8ca36bddf1530f8ed002e9},
          author = {Sahrin, N. T. and Ardo, F. M. and Suparmaniam, U. and Ramli, A. and Sin, J. C. and Lam, S. M. and Da Oh, W. and Chidi, B. S. and Ng, H.-S. and Shahid, M. K. and Tawfeek, A. M. and Khoo, K. S. and Lim, J. W.}
}