@article{scholars19884,
          number = {1},
            note = {cited By 0},
          volume = {17},
             doi = {10.1007/s12155-023-10618-2},
           title = {Investigation of Calcium Oxide{\^a}??Impregnated Zeolite Catalyst Toward Catalytic Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch: Bio-oil Yields, Characterizations, and Kinetic Study},
            year = {2024},
         journal = {Bioenergy Research},
           pages = {419--433},
          author = {Lim, H. Y. and Yusup, S. and Acda, M. N. and Chin, B. L. F. and Rianawati, E. and Unrean, P. and Yiin, C. L. and Quitain, A. T. and Assabumrungrat, S.},
        keywords = {Activated carbon; Catalysts; Cellulose; Fruits; Kinetic theory; Lime; Palm oil; Pyrolysis; Zeolites, CaO/HZSM-5; Catalytic pyrolysis; Central composite rotatable design; Empty fruit bunches; HZSM-5 catalyst; In situ catalytic pyrolyse; Incipient impregnation; Oil palm; Response-surface methodology; Wet incipient impregnation, Activation energy, Activated Carbon; Catalysts; Cellulose; Fruits; Lime; Pyrolysis},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85160842394&doi=10.1007\%2fs12155-023-10618-2&partnerID=40&md5=8aee092a457d71da8492e912c0254423},
        abstract = {This work investigated the in situ catalytic pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch using CaO-impregnated zeolite (CaO/HZSM-5) catalyst. An optimum point was obtained via central composite rotatable design at reaction temperature of 567.10{\^A} {\^A}oC, catalyst loading of 3.22 wt, and CaO loading of 1.25 wt, with an expected bio-oil yield of 35.31 wt. Validation runs{\^a}?? experimental yield was 37.59 {\^A}{$\pm$} 1.74 wt, indicating reliability of the condition. The impregnated catalyst was characterized, and CaO was observed to be successfully impregnated onto HZSM-5 with minor degradation on the catalyst structures. The bio-oil produced through catalytic pyrolysis had increased 16.102 wt water content, and also lower acid content by 8.02, and higher aromatic content by 18.86 as compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis, possibly contributed by the combined catalytic effect of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst via deoxygenation and neutralization reactions. Kinetic study using Coats-Redfern method indicated the decrement of activation energy and frequency factor by 2.14 and 49.17, respectively, at reaction order of three with addition of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst. Similar reductions in activation energies in presence of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst was observed in model-free methods, and the activation energies gradually increased with process conversion due to differences in valorization temperatures of hemicellulose (300{\^A} {\^A}oC), cellulose (340 and 390{\^A} {\^A}oC), and lignin ({\ensuremath{>}} 400{\^A} {\^A}oC). {\^A}{\copyright} The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023.}
}