%X This research explicitly investigates the utilization of Chlorella Vulgaris sp. microalgae as a renewable source for lipid production, focusing on its application in bioplastic manufacturing. This study employed the supercritical fluid extraction technique employing supercritical CO2 (sCO2) as a green technology to selectively extract and produce PHA's precursor utilizing CO2 solvent as a cleaner solvent compared to conventional extraction method. The study assessed the effects of three extraction parameters, namely temperature (40�60 °C), pressure (15�35 MPa), and solvent flow rate (4�8 ml/min). The pressure, flowrate, and temperature were found to be the most significant parameters affecting the sCO2 extraction. Through Taguchi optimization, the optimal parameters were determined as 60 °C, 35 MPa, and 4 ml/min with the highest lipid yield of 46.74 wt; above-average findings were reported. Furthermore, the pretreatment process involved significant effects such as crumpled and exhaustive structure, facilitating the efficient extraction of total lipids from the microalgae matrix. This study investigated the microstructure of microalgae biomatrix before and after extraction using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to assess the potential of the extracted material as a precursor for biodegradable plastic production, with a focus on reduced heavy metal content through inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis. The lipid extracted from Chlorella Vulgaris sp. microalgae was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), identifying key constituents, including oleic acid (C18H34O2), n-Hexadecanoic acid (C16H32O2), and octadecanoic acid (C18H36O2), essential for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) formation. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
%K Carbon dioxide; Effluent treatment; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Gas chromatography; Heavy metals; Inductively coupled plasma; Industrial research; Mass spectrometry; Microorganisms; Optical emission spectroscopy; Palmitic acid; Scanning electron microscopy; Solvents; Supercritical fluid extraction; Supercritical fluids; Taguchi methods; Thermogravimetric analysis, Chlorella vulgaris; Fluid extraction; Green extractions; Micro-algae; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Renewable sources; Supercritical CO 2; Supercritical extraction; Taguchi approach; Waste to wealth, Microalgae, 3 hydroxybutyric acid; biodegradable plastic; carbon dioxide; heavy metal; lipid; oleic acid; palmitic acid; polyhydroxyalkanoic acid; solvent; stearic acid; carbon dioxide, assessment method; extraction method; microalga; microstructure; waste technology, Article; chemical structure; Chlorella vulgaris; decomposition; extraction temperature; flow rate; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; green chemistry; hydrogen bond; inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry; mass fragmentography; microalga; morphological trait; nonhuman; organic waste; physical chemistry; scanning electron microscopy; signal noise ratio; Soxhlet extraction; spectroscopy; supercritical fluid extraction; Taguchi approach; thermogravimetry; vapor pressure; biomass; chemistry, Biomass; Carbon Dioxide; Chlorella vulgaris; Microalgae; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Solvents
%D 2024
%R 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120447
%O cited By 0
%J Journal of Environmental Management
%L scholars19834
%T Taguchi approach for assessing supercritical CO2 (sCO2) fluid extraction of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from Chlorella Vulgaris sp. microalgae
%A S.N.S. Abdul Rahman
%A Y.H. Chai
%A M.K. Lam
%V 355