relation: https://khub.utp.edu.my/scholars/19752/ title: A review on FPGA implementation of fractional-order systems and PID controllers creator: Ali, A. creator: Bingi, K. creator: Ibrahim, R. creator: Devan, P.A.M. creator: Devika, K.B. description: Fractional-order systems and controls utilize concepts from fractional calculus for modelling, control designs, and practical applications. However, it can be challenging to transform these memory-dependent systems and controllers into hardware, which is why high-order integer systems are often used instead. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are ideal for implementing fractional-order systems and controllers. Careful consideration of system quality, hardware cost, and speed is necessary to implement fractional-order systems, such as differentiators, integrators, controllers, and systems. Fortunately, recent technological advancements have made it easier, faster, and less expensive to implement digital hardware for fractional-order systems and controllers. This is mainly because the FPGA platform is a cost-effective and efficient solution for implementing high-quality approximations of fractional order systems with high throughput and short design time. Numerous attempts in the literature have been made to implement fractional-order systems and controllers on FPGAs. This article explores the methods of implementing fractional-order systems and PID controllers via FPGA technology. It briefly explains the definitions, approximations, implementation approaches, software tools, FPGA series, and models used in the literature to implement fractional-order systems and controls using FPGAs. The article also discusses future directions in FPGA implementation of fractional-order systems and controllers, highlights open problems, and offers possible solutions. © 2024 Elsevier GmbH date: 2024 type: Article type: PeerReviewed identifier: Ali, A. and Bingi, K. and Ibrahim, R. and Devan, P.A.M. and Devika, K.B. (2024) A review on FPGA implementation of fractional-order systems and PID controllers. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 177. relation: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85187237041&doi=10.1016%2fj.aeue.2024.155218&partnerID=40&md5=a8615b59da3455a7706847623bd25149 relation: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155218 identifier: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155218