%0 Journal Article
%A Ahmad Farid, M.A.
%A Mohd Johari, S.A.
%A Lease, J.
%A Ayoub, M.
%A Andou, Y.
%D 2024
%F scholars:19583
%J Fuel
%K Biomass; Catalysts; Decomposition; Efficiency; Graphene; Irradiation; Methanol; Microwave irradiation; Sulfonation, Bio-based; Biodiesel production; Catalytic efficiencies; Catalytic stability; Design Principles; Graphene oxides; Microwave- irradiations; Strategic integration; Sulphonation; ]+ catalyst, Biodiesel
%R 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131580
%T Catalytic efficiency and stability of biomass-derived sulfonated graphene catalysts in microwave-enhanced biodiesel production
%U https://khub.utp.edu.my/scholars/19583/
%V 368
%X The strategic integration of bio-based catalytic design principles and the intricacies of microwave irradiation offers a viable path to improving the sustainability and efficiency of biodiesel production. In this work, we produced novel biomass-derived sulfonated graphene oxide (bGO-SO3H) and reduced graphene oxide (brGO-SO3H), examining their collaborative effects with microwave irradiation on reaction efficacy. Sulfonation in catalysts was evident through 1) reduced mass loss during thermal decomposition (bGO-SO3H: 34.5 ; brGO-SO3H: 29.4 ) compared to precursors (bGO: 55.6 ; brGO: 20.3 ), indicating decreased oxygen-containing functional groups; 2) higher TPD-acidic sites (bGO-SO3H: 3.17 mmol g�1; brGO-SO3H: 3.24 mmol g�1), supported by titration-acid density (bGO-SO3H: 2.97 mmol g�1; brGO-SO3H: 3.83 mmol g�1); and 3) additional C1s peaks attributed to C-S bonds in sulfonic moieties and a significant increase in sp2 carbon content compared to their precursors, confirmed by ID/IG ratio reduction (bGO-SO3H: 1.09 to 0.98, brGO-SO3H: 0.99 to 0.95). Despite modest surface areas (18�44 m2/g), both catalysts exhibited significantly elevated acid densities (0.05�4.83 mmol g�1) post-sulfonation. Under optimized conditions (2 wt catalysts, 25:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 25 min at 75 °C), bGO-SO3H yielded 90.97  FAME yield, while brGO-SO3H achieved 97.45  with a reduced dosage (1.5 wt), shorter time (20 min), and less methanol (20:1). Despite catalytic deactivation, our study demonstrates reduced catalyst consumption, a lower reaction temperature, and a shortened conversion time compared to prior findings, thereby enhancing the efficiency of biodiesel production. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
%Z cited By 1