@article{scholars18595,
            note = {cited By 0},
         journal = {Chemical Engineering and Technology},
          number = {5},
           title = {Incorporation of Hydrophobic Silica in a Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane: Membrane Development and Performance Modeling},
          volume = {46},
           pages = {1005--1016},
            year = {2023},
             doi = {10.1002/ceat.202200425},
          author = {Sze Yin, G. G. and Aqilah, N. F. and Mat Nawi, N. I. and Mohd Hizam, S. and Md Nordin, N. A. H. and Bilad, M. R. and Adi Putra, Z. and Jaafar, J. and Yusof, N. and Hamid, N. A. and Mokhtar, N. M.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150473130&doi=10.1002\%2fceat.202200425&partnerID=40&md5=7b0e4400f48fc5d427c4a212405c7655},
        keywords = {Desalination; Distillation; Fluorine compounds; Hydrophobicity; Membranes; Seawater; Sensitivity analysis, Development model; Feed flow rate; Hydrophobic silicum; Hydrophobics; Membrane distillation; Mixed-matrix membranes; Performance; Polyvinylidene fluoride membranes; Response-surface methodology; Seawater desalination, Silica},
        abstract = {Membrane distillation (MD) performance in seawater desalination can be improved by enhancing the material properties (hydrophobicity, porosity) and process parameters (feed flow rate, temperature). In this study, the effects of hydrophobic silica loading on the properties and MD performance of a polyvinylidene difluoride-based membrane in seawater desalination were investigated, and a sensitivity analysis (temperature gradient, feed flow rate, salinity) was performed. Incorporation of hydrophobic silica improved the hydrophobicity of the membrane. Higher filler loading increased the number of surface pores while maintaining their size. This resulted in improved flux compared with the neat membrane while maintaining high salt rejection. The optimized membrane was 73  more efficient than the neat membrane. {\^A}{\copyright} 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.}
}