@article{scholars18432,
          number = {7},
            note = {cited By 1},
             doi = {10.1007/s00339-023-06785-w},
          volume = {129},
         journal = {Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing},
           title = {Improvement in 316L steel surface features, corrosion and biocompatibility through novel CNT-assisted hydroxyapatite powder mixed-EDM process},
            year = {2023},
        keywords = {Additives; Adhesion; ASTM standards; Austenitic stainless steel; Corrosion rate; Corrosion resistance; Corrosion resistant coatings; Hydroxyapatite; Steel corrosion, 316 L stainless steel; 316L steel; Coating adhesion; Electro discharge machining; Hydroxyapatite powder; Multiple additive; Powder mixed; Recast layer; Surface biocompatibility; Surface feature, Biocompatibility},
        abstract = {Although coating the biomaterials with hydroxyapatite powder (HAp) mixed electro discharge machining (EDM) is required to improve their biological responses, the modified 316L stainless steel shows a low coating adhesion and cracked surface, which is prone to poor corrosion resistance and surface integrity. In addition, inferior biological responses are noticed, since a little amount of HAp is detected{\^A} in the coating. The primary objective of this study is to assess the CNT reinforced HAp-based coating on a{\^A} 316L stainless{\^A} steel to improve the surface features, corrosion and biocompatibility. This study also establishes a link between the process variables and the material{\^a}??s properties and shows the feasibility of multiple additive mixed EDM method. Following ASTM standard, several surface characterization tools were used to characterize the surface of the modified 316L stainless{\^A} steel. CNT (0.4{\^A} g/l) added to the HAp mixed-EDM method results in a uniform and thin coating of 12.4{\^A} {\^A}um with shallow{\^A} craters, nanopores and no cracks. A small corrosion rate of 0.00033{\^A} mm per annum is recorded. The presence of carbon incorporated Ca{\^a}??P-based alloys in the coating ensures a high coating adhesion of 32.6{\^A} MPa and a high biocompatibility of more than 95 alive cells. {\^A}{\copyright} 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.},
          author = {Al-Amin, M. and Danish, M. and Rubaiee, S. and Ahmed, A. and Abdul-Rani, A. M. and Mannan, A. and Yildirim, M. B.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162932566&doi=10.1007\%2fs00339-023-06785-w&partnerID=40&md5=b47dd5ab2094e7fc47af8112468794ba}
}