TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rawindran, H.
A1  - Khoo, K.S.
A1  - Ethiraj, B.
A1  - Suparmaniam, U.
A1  - Leong, W.H.
A1  - Raksasat, R.
A1  - Liew, C.S.
A1  - Sahrin, N.T.
A1  - Lam, M.K.
A1  - Kiatkittipong, W.
A1  - Lim, J.W.
A1  - Zango, Z.U.
A1  - Shahid, M.K.
A1  - Abdelghani, H.T.M.
A1  - Ng, H.-S.
JF  - Environmental Research
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85164266598&doi=10.1016%2fj.envres.2023.116533&partnerID=40&md5=036d59a8f748e44d18c497ca8e2c02f9
VL  - 233
Y1  - 2023///
N2  - Changing the growth environment for microalgae can overall lead to the fundamental alteration in cellular biochemicals whilst attaching onto palm kernel expeller (PKE) waste to form adhesion complex in easing harvesting at stationary growth phase. This study had initially optimized the PKE dosage, light intensity and photoperiod in maximizing the attached microalgal productivity being attained at 0.72 g/g day. Lipid content increased progressively from pH 3 to pH 11, with the highest value observed at pH 11. Meanwhile, in terms of protein and carbohydrate contents, the highest values were obtained by cultivation medium of pH 5 with 9.92 g and 17.72 g, respectively followed by pH 7 with 9.16 g and 16.36 g, respectively. Moreover, the findings also suggested that the low pH mediums utilized polar interactions in the formation of complexes between PKE and microalgae, whereas at higher pH levels, the non-polar interactions became more significant. The work of attachment was thermodynamically favourable towards the attachment formation with values greater than zero which was also aligned with the microscopic surface topography, i.e., revealing a clustering pattern of microalgae colonizing the PKE surface. These findings contribute to comprehensive understanding of optimizing growth condition and harvesting strategy of attached microalgae in attaining the cellular biochemical components, facilitating the development of efficient and sustainable bioresource utilization. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.
N1  - cited By 3
TI  - Fundamental alteration of cellular biochemicals from attached microalgae onto palm kernel expeller waste upon optimizing the growth environment in forming adhesion complex
ID  - scholars18207
KW  - Adhesion; Carbohydrates; Microorganisms; Proteins; Topography
KW  -  Attached microalga; Cellulars; Growth phase; Growth phasis; Light intensity; Micro-algae; Palm kernel; Palm kernel expeller; Ph medium; Polar interactions
KW  -  Microalgae
KW  -  carbohydrate; cell component; cultivation; growth rate; light intensity; lipid; microalga
KW  -  adhesion; Article; biofuel production; biomass; carbohydrate analysis; cell activity; complex formation; controlled study; hydrogen bond; inorganic nutrient; light intensity; microalga; nonhuman; organic nutrient; pH; photoperiodicity; prediction; productivity; protein content; scanning electron microscopy; signal noise ratio; surface property; topography; waste water management
KW  -  Biomass; Microalgae
AV  - none
ER  -