%X Sustainable energy transition has brought the attention towards microalgae utilization as potential feedstock due to its tremendous capabilities over its predecessors for generating more energy with reduced carbon footprint. However, the commercialization of microalgae feedstock remains debatable due to the various factors and considerations taken into scaling-up the conventional microalgal upstream processes. This review provides a state-of-the-art assessment over the recent developments of available and existing microalgal upstream cultivation systems catered for maximum biomass production. The key growth parameters and main cultivation modes necessary for optimized microalgal growth conditions along with the fundamental aspects were also reviewed and evaluated comprehensively. In addition, the advancements and strategies towards potential scale-up of the microalgal cultivation technologies were highlighted to provide insights for further development into the upstream processes aimed at sustainable circular bioeconomy. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
%K Carbon footprint; Ecology; Feedstocks; Microorganisms, Biomass growth; Circular bioeconomy; Energy; Energy transitions; Micro-algae; Potential feedstock; Sustainable energy; Upstream cultivation; Upstream process; Upstream technology, Microalgae, bioengineering; biomass; bioreactor; biotechnology; commercialization; cultivation; growth; microalga; wastewater treatment, algal growth; Article; Auxenochlorella protothecoides; biochemical composition; bioengineering; biomass production; carbon footprint; Chlorella; Chlorella pyrenoidosa; Chlorella vulgaris; color; evaporation; extreme environment; heterotrophy; light; light intensity; microalga; mixotroph; nonhuman; pH; photoautotroph; photoperiodicity; physical chemistry; process optimization; Scenedesmus; Scenedesmus acuminatus; species cultivation; sustainable development; symbiosis; temperature; waste water management; bioengineering; biomass; biotechnology, biofuel, Bioengineering; Biofuels; Biomass; Biotechnology; Microalgae
%O cited By 6
%L scholars18173
%J Chemosphere
%D 2023
%R 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139699
%T Advancements of microalgal upstream technologies: Bioengineering and application aspects in the paradigm of circular bioeconomy
%V 339
%A W.H. Leong
%A H. Rawindran
%A F. Ameen
%A M.M. Alam
%A Y.H. Chai
%A Y.C. Ho
%A M.K. Lam
%A J.W. Lim
%A W.-Y. Tong
%A M.J.K. Bashir
%A B. Ravindran
%A N.A. Alsufi