@article{scholars18101,
          volume = {153},
            note = {cited By 7},
            year = {2023},
         journal = {Engineering Failure Analysis},
           title = {Erosion impact on mild steel elbow pipeline for different orientations under liquid-gas-sand annular flow},
             doi = {10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107565},
          author = {Khan, R. and Mourad, A.-H. I. and Seikh, A. H. and Petru, J. and H.Ya, H.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168806997&doi=10.1016\%2fj.engfailanal.2023.107565&partnerID=40&md5=dee91f23916ae511fe6030431d0feb8b},
        keywords = {Computational fluid dynamics; Erosion; Liquefied gases; Low carbon steel; Morphology; Surface roughness, Annular flows; CFD simulations; Elbow; Excessive pitting; Experimental fluids; Flow condition; Gas sands; Microcuttings; Pittings; Quantitative result, Surface morphology},
        abstract = {In this paper, the quantitative results of erosion of a horizontal-vertical (H-V) downward long radius 90{\^A}o elbow and horizontal-horizontal (H-H) elbow for abrasive annular flow conditions is evaluated using experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics. Experimental results indicate that the critical erosion eventuates when the angle reaches approximately 45{\^A}o, which is perceived in both H-V and H-H orientation. The excessive pitting and microcutting are the main causes of erosive wear for both oriented elbows after the abrasive particle collision. Meanwhile, the 1018 steel H-H exhibited the lowest thickness loss, surface roughness, hardness, and mass loss in comparison with H-V oriented elbow. The corresponding erosion rate of the H-V elbow was comparatively 21 higher than 90{\^A}o H-H elbows for identical annular flow conditions. {\^A}{\copyright} 2023 Elsevier Ltd}
}