@article{scholars18006,
            year = {2023},
             doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140412},
          volume = {344},
            note = {cited By 2},
         journal = {Chemosphere},
           title = {Aggregation, toxicity, and biodegradability study of an ionic liquid-based formulation for effective oil spill remediation},
        abstract = {Chemical dispersants are extensively used for marine oil spill remediation. However, the increased toxicity and low biodegradability of these dispersants restrict their employment in the marine environment. Hence, in this work, we have developed an eco-friendly formulation composed of an ionic liquid,1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium lauroyl sarcosinate BMIMLausar and sorbitan monooleate (Span) 80. Micellar and interfacial parameters, dispersion effectiveness, as well as the toxicity and biodegradability of the developed formulation were investigated. Micellar properties confirmed a high degree of synergism among the surfactant molecules and the formation of stable micelle. The dispersion effectiveness, at dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) of 1:25 (v/v), against three crude oils (Arab, Ratawi, and Doba) was assessed. We achieved a dispersion effectiveness of 68.49\%, 74.05\%, and 83.43\% for Ratawi, Doba, and Arab crude oil, respectively, using a 70:30 (w/w) ratio of Span 80 to BMIMLausar. Furthermore, the results obtained from optical microscopy and particle size analysis (PSA) indicated that the oil droplet size decreased with higher DOR. Additionally, acute toxicity experiments were conducted on zebrafish (Danio rerio) using the developed formulation, confirming its non-toxic behavior, with LC50 values of 800 mg/L after 96 h. The formulation also exhibited high biodegradability, with only 25.01\% of the original quantity remaining after 28 days. Hence, these results suggest that the new formulation has the potential to be a highly effective and environmentally friendly dispersant for oil spill remediation. {\^A}{\copyright} 2023 Elsevier Ltd},
        keywords = {Biodegradability; Ionic liquids; Marine pollution; Micelles; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Toxicity, Chemical dispersant; Dispersants; Dispersion effectiveness; Eco-friendly; Marine environment; Marine oil spills; Micellars; Oil ratio; Sorbitan monooleate; Span-80, Oil spills, dispersant; ionic liquid; petroleum; sarcosine; sorbitan oleate; surfactant; petroleum, biodegradation; concentration (composition); cyprinid; dispersant; dispersion; oil spill; surfactant; toxicity, acute toxicity; animal experiment; Arab; Article; biodegradability; chemical structure; controlled study; critical micelle concentration; dispersion; employment; emulsion; LC50; marine environment; micelle; micellization; microscopy; molecular weight; nonhuman; oil spill; optics; particle size; room temperature; surface tension; thermodynamics; toxicity testing; zebra fish; analysis; animal; chemistry; water pollutant, Animals; Ionic Liquids; Petroleum; Petroleum Pollution; Surface-Active Agents; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Zebrafish},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85173861117&doi=10.1016\%2fj.chemosphere.2023.140412&partnerID=40&md5=ac49796f003c3e8fc1cd1a1c04b12ff3},
          author = {Nazar, M. and Ul Hassan Shah, M. and Ahmad, A. and Goto, M. and Zaireen Nisa Yahya, W. and Moniruzzaman, M.}
}