TY  - JOUR
VL  - 10
AV  - none
JF  - Bioresources and Bioprocessing
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175979356&doi=10.1186%2fs40643-023-00698-5&partnerID=40&md5=9edc7aeed028c60313d6861bdeb093bf
A1  - Rouf, H.
A1  - Ramli, A.
A1  - Anuar, N.A.S.I.K.
A1  - Yunus, N.M.
N1  - cited By 1
ID  - scholars17985
N2  - Since petroleum became depleted, rapid attention has been devoted to renewable energy sources such as lignocellulosic biomass to produce useful chemicals for industry (for instance vanillin). Three primary components of lignocellulose are lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. This paper uses microwave-assisted technology to oxidize the kenaf stalk (lignocellulosic biomass) and extract lignin to produce vanillin. Catalysts with variable acidâ??base and redox properties are essential for the mentioned effective conversion, for this reason, CeO2â??CA, ZrO2â??CA, and CeZrO2â??CA catalysts were synthesized. The citrate complexation method was used for the catalyst synthesis and the physicochemical characteristics were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, FEâ??SEM, TEM, BET, and TPO. The characterization results demonstrated that CeZrO2â??CA shows the smallest sized crystallites with a large specific surface area among the other chosen catalysts. For vanillin production, the effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading was studied. It was observed that compared to other catalysts, CeZrO2â??CA produced the highest vanillin yield of 9.90 for kenaf stalk for 5 wt of CeZrO2â??CA at 160 °C for 30 min. Furthermore, vanillin production using extracted lignin is studied keeping CeZrO2â??CA as a catalyst and with the same operating parameters, which yielded 14.3 of vanillin. Afterward, the change in yield with respect to pH is also presented. Finally, the recyclability of catalyst is also studied, which showed that it has a strong metal support and greater stability which may give industrial applications a significant boost. Graphical Abstract: Figure not available: see fulltext.. © 2023, The Author(s).
Y1  - 2023///
KW  - Cellulose; Cerium oxide; Crystallites; Lignin; Petroleum industry; Zirconia
KW  -  CeZrO2â??CA; Citrate complexation method; Lignocellulosic biomass; Mixed oxides catalysts; Oxidative depolymerization; Renewable energy source; Useful chemicals; Vanillin; Vanillin production; ]+ catalyst
KW  -  Biomass
KW  -  Biomass; Catalysts; Cellulose; Crystallites; Kenaf; Production; Vanillin
IS  - 1
TI  - Ceâ??Zr-based mixed oxide catalyst for oxidative depolymerization of kenaf stalk (biomass) into vanillin
ER  -