@article{scholars17903,
            year = {2022},
           pages = {541--547},
       publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
         journal = {Alexandria Engineering Journal},
             doi = {10.1016/j.aej.2021.06.043},
          volume = {61},
            note = {cited By 10},
          number = {1},
           title = {The evolution of a single droplet water-in-palm oil derived biodiesel emulsion leading to micro-explosion},
        keywords = {Alternative fuels; Atomization; Combustion; Diesel engines; Drops; Emulsification; Explosions; High speed cameras; Palm oil, Diesel oil; Diesel products; Emulsified fuel; Malaysia; Micro explosion; Palm oil methyl esters; Particulate Matter; Puffing; Secondary atomization; Single droplet, Biodiesel},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85108783773&doi=10.1016\%2fj.aej.2021.06.043&partnerID=40&md5=e47b481772b710d275f69b76ce8925b0},
        abstract = {Palm oil methyl ester is blended with diesel oil as a commercial diesel product in Malaysia, known as biodiesel B10. Biodiesel mixed with water proved to reduced simultaneously both the particulate matter and NOx during combustion. Emulsified biodiesel also caused a secondary atomization due to micro-explosion of the fuel droplets, which is beneficial in improving combustion efficiency. The main factors and events leading to micro-explosion for palm oil derived biodiesel emulsified fuel has yet to be made available in the open literature. Hence, this study aimed to visualize the droplet evolution to micro-explosion of single droplet when heated. A single droplet was placed on the hot surface of a hotplate maintained at 500 {\^A}oC and the droplet evolution time leading to micro-explosion were capture using a high-speed camera. The study found that all samples of the emulsified fuels produced micro-explosions in four distinct stages. The droplet underwent from a homogenous emulsion, turning from milky color to being transparent during the separation stage, volume expansion during the bubble growth stage, intense coalescence and puffing stage and finally micro-explosion stage. Larger water particles size and higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values are the main factors that caused shorter time leading to micro-explosion of droplets. {\^A}{\copyright} 2021 THE AUTHORS},
            issn = {11100168},
          author = {Syed Masharuddin, S. M. and Abdul Karim, Z. A. and Meor Said, M. A. and Amran, N. H. and Ismael, M. A.}
}