@article{scholars17818,
           pages = {443--451},
       publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
         journal = {Renewable Energy},
            year = {2022},
           title = {Dual nutrient heterogeneity modes in a continuous flow photobioreactor for optimum nitrogen assimilation to produce microalgal biodiesel},
             doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.117},
            note = {cited By 29},
          volume = {184},
            issn = {09601481},
          author = {Leong, W. H. and Kiatkittipong, W. and Lam, M. K. and Khoo, K. S. and Show, P. L. and Mohamad, M. and Chong, S. and Abdurrahman, M. and Lim, J. W.},
        keywords = {Biodiesel; Microorganisms; Nitrogen removal; Nutrients; Photobioreactors; Unsaturated fatty acids; Wastewater treatment, Activated sludge; Continuous-flow; Fatty acids methyl esters; Microalga; Microalgal biodiesels; Microalgal biomass; NH 4 + N; Nitrogen assimilation; Nitrogen sources; Photobiore-actor, Microalgae, biofuel; biomass; fatty acid; heterogeneity; lipid; nutrient; valorization; wastewater; wastewater treatment, Bacteria (microorganisms); Chlorella vulgaris},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120639650&doi=10.1016\%2fj.renene.2021.11.117&partnerID=40&md5=c9daf83d536280c8b27f8639e3e9f6c7},
        abstract = {The impact of different nitrogen sources on the microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, was studied in a newly developed microalgal-bacterial photobioreactor via a dual nutrient heterogeneity mode. The mechanisms of nitrogen transformation and valorisation were unveiled, and subsequently, optimized via dual nutrient heterogeneity feeding modes comprising of various NH4+-N and NO3{\^a}??-N concentrations. The nitrogen-assimilation mechanism from the microalgal-bacterial consortium was found to reduce microalgal growth inhibition, stemming at high NH4+-N concentrations. Accordingly, the total nitrogen removal efficiency was enhanced from 40.91 to 96.38 accompanied with maximum microalgal biomass production of up to 792 mg/L at a balanced or higher NH4+-N loading from mixed nitrogen environment. The harvested microalgal biomass contained high lipid accumulation of approximately 30 when fed with optimum NH4+-N and NO3{\^a}??-N loadings at 60 and 58 mg/d, respectively. At this mixed nitrogen species loadings, high unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were attained. Indeed, the major FAME species (97{\^a}??100) fell within the C16-18 range, signifying biodiesel characteristics conformity to the requirements for quality biodiesel application. Therefore, the dual heterogeneity modes of balanced NH4+-N and NO3{\^a}??-N loadings into photobioreactor could offer effective microalgal nitrogen assimilation for sustainable wastewater treatment and microalgae-based biodiesel production simultaneously. {\^A}{\copyright} 2021 Elsevier Ltd}
}