@article{scholars17063,
            year = {2022},
          number = {3},
         journal = {Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology},
            note = {cited By 7},
           pages = {589--599},
           title = {The influence of palm oil additives on the pour point and wax deposition tendencies of Chenor crude oil},
             doi = {10.1007/s13202-021-01316-w},
       publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},
          volume = {12},
        abstract = {One of the major concerns during the production of crude oil especially in tropical waters is the deposition of wax on to the walls of the pipeline. This is due to the low seabed temperatures which can be below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) which leads to wax depositing out through molecular diffusion. Currently, there are many methods to prevent and remedy wax deposition but most of these solutions pose a serious environmental threat and are expensive to produce. Hence, this research investigated the use of an organic and cheaper alternative by utilizing synthetic fatty acid esters such as oleic acid which has shown promising results in reducing the pour point of waxy crude oils. The solution that was used was of palm oil origin, crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) and was subsequently compared with the pour point depressant and wax inhibition efficiency of the current industry used inhibitors utilizing the SETA Pour Point and Cloud Point as well as the cold finger apparatus. It was observed that the palm oil inhibitors were highly effective at 1 wt. due to the high composition of oleic acid present portraying a similar result to Triethanolamine (TEA) while Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) performed best at low concentration of 0.1 wt. but deteriorates significantly as the concentration increases due to the polar end agglomerating among itself. {\^A}{\copyright} 2021, The Author(s).},
          author = {Ragunathan, T. and Wood, C. D. and Husin, H.},
        keywords = {Deposition; Ethylene; Oil shale; Oleic acid; Petroleum additives, Chemical wax inhibitor; Cold finger test; Finger tests; Palm oil inhibitor; Pour point depressant; Pour point test; Pour points; Wax deposition; Wax inhibitors, Palm oil},
            issn = {21900558},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85117056372&doi=10.1007\%2fs13202-021-01316-w&partnerID=40&md5=137c1a352e80c77b5cb8b6bb3e634598}
}