@article{scholars17024,
             doi = {10.3390/catal12030277},
          number = {3},
           title = {Optimization and Kinetic Studies on Biodiesel Conversion from Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae Using Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids as a Catalyst},
          volume = {12},
            note = {cited By 1},
         journal = {Catalysts},
            year = {2022},
       publisher = {MDPI},
        abstract = {This study describes the potential conversion of dried microalgae. Chlorella vulgaris (C. vul-garis) into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using the direct transesterification (DT) method and using ionic liquids (ILs) as a catalyst. In this work, the performance of monocationic IL, namely 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide (IL 1), and dicationic IL, namely 1,4-bis(1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl) butane dibromide (IL 2), as catalysts was compared for DT of C. vulgaris under microwave irradiation. The results revealed that IL 2 showed a better performance in catalyzing the DT reaction by producing 87.9 mg/g of FAME, while the use of IL 1 led to 74.3 mg/g of FAME under optimum conditions. The kinetic study for direct transesterification of C. vulgaris showed that the reaction followed a first order kinetic reaction where the activation energies were calculated to be 22.2499 kJ mol{\^a}??1 and 22.0413 kJ mol{\^a}??1 for IL 1 and IL 2, respectively. {\^A}{\copyright} 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125399038&doi=10.3390\%2fcatal12030277&partnerID=40&md5=3c312c094816e0810e103de51975088c},
            issn = {20734344},
          author = {Hasanudin, N. and Abd Ghani, N. and Ab Rahim, A. H. and Azman, N. S. and Rosdi, N. A. and Masri, A. N.}
}