%P 51030-51040
%T A critical review on the development of wax inhibiting agent in facilitating remediation process of contaminated groundwater
%V 29
%I Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
%A A.H. Alpandi
%A H. Husin
%A A. Sidek
%O cited By 3
%L scholars16634
%J Environmental Science and Pollution Research
%D 2022
%R 10.1007/s11356-021-16791-1
%N 34
%X Transportation of crude oil and refined petroleum is the main function of pipeline system in petroleum industry. Unfortunately, wax precipitation has become a serious problem for the petroleum industry where it causes pipeline blockage and eventually results in operational catastrophe. Up-to-date, the technique used to mitigate wax deposition by injecting chemical wax inhibiting agent remains a debate amongst researchers. This review addresses the evolution of chemical wax inhibitor generations started from polymer-based in the early 1980s, followed by biosurfactant-based in the late 1990s and finally plant-based or agricultural-based in recent years. Pivoting to environmental impact, petroleum industry is amidst finding a green wax inhibiting agent to solve wax deposition problem that occurs during the transportation of crude oil whilst facilitating the remediation process of contaminated groundwater. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
%K crude oil; fatty acid; groundwater pollution; inhibition; inhibitor; literature review; polymer; remediation; surfactant; wax, ground water; petroleum, bioremediation; oil industry, Biodegradation, Environmental; Groundwater; Oil and Gas Industry; Petroleum