@inproceedings{scholars15559,
             doi = {10.1007/978-981-16-4513-6{$_1$}{$_5$}},
            note = {cited By 0; Conference of 6th International Conference on Fundamental and Applied Sciences, ICFAS 2020 ; Conference Date: 13 July 2021 Through 15 July 2021; Conference Code:270909},
       publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media B.V.},
            year = {2021},
           title = {Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Liquefaction of Kenaf Stalks for Bio-oil Production},
           pages = {175--184},
         journal = {Springer Proceedings in Complexity},
            isbn = {9789811645129},
          author = {Ramli, A. and Kin, L. W. and Anuar, N. A. S. I. K. and Yunus, N. M. and Rahman, N. J. A.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85123286421&doi=10.1007\%2f978-981-16-4513-6\%5f15&partnerID=40&md5=c39be655f4d1e578154534bfe2cb8f94},
            issn = {22138684},
        abstract = {In this study, microwave-assisted solvothermal liquefaction was investigated to produce bio-oil from Kenaf stalks. Optimization of process parameters was performed using concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst at biomass to solvent ratio of 1:10, catalyst loading of 10 and microwave power of 300{\^A} W with constant stirring at 200{\^A} rpm. The maximum bio-oil yield of 87 was achieved at temperature of 180{\^A} {\^A}oC for duration of 20{\^A} min, in which ethanol was used as solvent. Different types of catalysts were also tested to produce bio-oil at the optimum process conditions. It was found that synthesized ionic liquid BMIMCl catalyst could give the highest quality of bio-oil in terms of heating value (26.55{\^A} MJ/kg) with considerable bio-oil yield. {\^A}{\copyright} 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.}
}