TY  - JOUR
EP  - 17
KW  - acid activation; additive; catalysis; catalyst; detection method; kaolin
N2  - High production of biodiesel results in a surplus of glycerol as a byproduct that leads to a drastic decline in the glycerol price as well as overall biodiesel production. Alternative methods must be introduced for the economical process for biodiesel production via utilization of crude glycerol into valuable chemicals or fuel additives. This study introduces an ecofriendly process of solketal synthesis from glycerol and acetone in the presence of a novel metakaolin clay catalyst, which is a useful additive in biodiesel or gasoline, in order to enhance the octane number and to control the emissions. Moreover, kaolin clay catalysts are low cost, abundantly available, eco-friendly and one of the more promising applications for solketal synthesis. In this study, raw kaolin clay was activated with an easy acid activation technique, modification in physicochemical and textural properties were determined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauerâ??Emmettâ??Teller (BET) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. Among all acid-treated catalysts, metakaolin K3 have shown best catalytic properties, high surface area and pore size after acid activation with 3.0 mol/dm3 at 98â?¦ C for 3 h. Acetalization of glycerol with acetone carried out in the presence of an environmentally friendly and inexpensive novel metakaolin K3 catalyst. The maximum yield of solketal obtained was 84 at a temperature of 50â?¦ C, acetone/glycerol molar ratio 6/1 and for 90 min with novel metakaolin clay catalyst. Effect of various parameters (time, temperature, acetone/glycerol molar ratio, catalyst loading) on the solketal yield and glycerol conversion was discussed in detail. This approach offers an effective way to transform glycerol into solketalâ??a desirable green chemical with future industrial applications. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
VL  - 13
JF  - Sustainability (Switzerland)
AV  - none
SN  - 20711050
TI  - Activation of nano kaolin clay for bio-glycerol conversion to a valuable fuel additive
ID  - scholars15134
A1  - Zahid, I.
A1  - Ayoub, M.
A1  - Abdullah, B.B.
A1  - Nazir, M.H.
A1  - Zulqarnain
A1  - Kaimkhani, M.A.
A1  - Sher, F.
Y1  - 2021///
N1  - cited By 13
SP  - 1
IS  - 5
PB  - MDPI AG
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85102568749&doi=10.3390%2fsu13052631&partnerID=40&md5=39ffccf8e03f54ee831cc0f00d44d5e4
ER  -