@article{scholars15027,
             doi = {10.3390/en14082249},
           title = {De-emulsification and gravity separation of micro-emulsion produced with enhanced oil recovery chemicals flooding},
            year = {2021},
       publisher = {MDPI AG},
          number = {8},
            note = {cited By 11},
          volume = {14},
         journal = {Energies},
        keywords = {Chemical analysis; Drops; Emulsification; Field emission microscopes; High resolution transmission electron microscopy; Light transmission; Nanoparticles; Oil well flooding; Oxide minerals; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Scanning electron microscopy; Separation; Synthesis (chemical); TiO2 nanoparticles; Titanium dioxide; Transmissions; Zeta potential, Analytical characterization; Average particle size; Chemical precipitation method; Enhanced light transmission; Enhanced oil recovery; Field emission scanning electron microscopy; Gravity separation; Laser-scattering techniques, Enhanced recovery},
          author = {Khan, M. K. A. and Khan, J. A. and Ullah, H. and Al-Kayiem, H. H. and Irawan, S. and Irfan, M. and Glowacz, A. and Liu, H. and Glowacz, W. and Rahman, S.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85106430967&doi=10.3390\%2fen14082249&partnerID=40&md5=4103f7583697970627b7b3bd6686ae59},
            issn = {19961073},
        abstract = {The present study investigates the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the stability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)-produced stable emulsion. The chemical precipitation method is used to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles, and their properties were determined using various analytical characterization techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles is evaluated by measuring oil/water (o/w) separation, rag layer formation, oil droplet size, and zeta potential of the residual EOR produced emulsion. The laser scattering technique is used to determine the o/w separation. The results showed that spherical-shaped anatase phase TiO2 nanoparticles were produced with an average particle size of 122 nm. The TiO2 nanoparticles had a positive effect on o/w separation and the clarity of the separated water. The separated aqueous phases{\^a}?? clarity is 75 and 45 with and without TiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. Laser scattering analysis revealed enhanced light transmission in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles, suggesting higher o/w separation of the ASP-produced emulsion. The overall increase in the o/w separation was recorded to be 19 in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles, indicating a decrease in the stability of ASP-produced emulsion. This decrease in the stability can be attributed to the improved coalescence{\^a}?? action between the adjacent oil droplets and improved behavior of o/w interfacial film. An observable difference was found between the oil droplet size before and after the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles, where the oil droplet size increased from 3 {\^A}um to 35 {\^A}um. A similar trend of zeta potential is also noticed in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. Zeta potential was {\^a}??13 mV to {\^a}??7 mV, which is in the unstable emulsion range. Overall, the o/w separation is enhanced by introducing TiO2 nanoparticles into ASP-produced stable emulsion. {\^A}{\copyright} 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.}
}