@article{scholars14838,
           title = {Cigarette butt waste as material for phase inverted membrane fabrication used for oil/water emulsion separation},
          number = {12},
         journal = {Polymers},
       publisher = {MDPI AG},
            note = {cited By 10},
            year = {2021},
             doi = {10.3390/polym13121907},
          volume = {13},
          author = {Doyan, A. and Leong, C. L. and Bilad, M. R. and Kurnia, K. A. and Susilawati, S. and Prayogi, S. and Narkkun, T. and Faungnawakij, K.},
            issn = {20734360},
        keywords = {Contact angle; Emulsification; Gas industry; Membrane fouling; Membranes; Petroleum industry; Pollution; Pore size; Tobacco; Waste treatment, Cellulose acetates; Eco-friendly materials; Future improvements; Irreversible fouling; Membrane fabrication; Oil and gas production; Polyvinylidene difluoride; Separation efficiency, Microfiltration, Contact Angle; Emulsification; Membranes; Pollution; Pore Size; Tobacco},
        abstract = {The increasing rate of oil and gas production has contributed to a release of oil/water emulsion or mixtures to the environment, becoming a pressing issue. At the same time, pollution of the toxic cigarette butt has also become a growing concern. This study explored utilization of cigarette butt waste as a source of cellulose acetate-based (CA) polymer to develop a phase inverted membrane for treatment of oil/water emulsion and compare it with commercial polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polysulfone (PSF). Results show that the CA-based membrane from waste cigarette butt offers an eco-friendly material without compromising the separation efficiency, with a pore size range suitable for oil/water emulsion filtration with the rejection of \>94.0. The CA membrane poses good structural property similar to the established PVDF and PSF membranes with equally asymmetric morphology. It also poses hydrophilicity properties with a contact angle of 74.5{\^a}??, lower than both PVDF and PSF membranes. The pore size of CA demonstrates that the CA is within the microfiltration range with a mean flow pore size of 0.17 {\^A}um. The developed CA membrane shows a promising oil/water emulsion permeability of 180 L m{\^a}??2 h{\^a}??1 bar{\^a}??1 after five filtration cycles. However, it still suffers a high degree of irreversible fouling (\>90.0), suggesting potential future improvements in terms of membrane fouling management. Overall, this study demonstrates a sustainable approach to addressing oil/water emulsion pollution treated CA membrane from cigarette butt waste. {\^A}{\copyright} 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85108458213&doi=10.3390\%2fpolym13121907&partnerID=40&md5=f37645b21a075dee3533c8afb3e12988}
}