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Synthesis and characterization of carbon and carbon-nitrogen doped black tio2 nanomaterials and their application in sonophotocatalytic remediation of treated agro-industrial wastewater
The conventional open ponding system employed for palm oil mill agro-effluent (POME) treatment fails to lower the levels of organic pollutants to the mandatory standard discharge limits. In this work, carbon doped black TiO2 (CB-TiO2 ) and carbon-nitrogen co-doped black TiO2 (CNB-TiO2 ) were synthesized via glycerol assisted sol-gel techniques and employed for the remediation of treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME). Both the samples were anatase phase, with a crystallite size of 11.09â��22.18 nm, lower bandgap of 2.06â��2.63 eV, superior visible light absorption ability, and a high surface area of 239.99â��347.26 m2/g. The performance of CNB-TiO2 was higher (51.48) compared to only (45.72) CB-TiO2 . Thus, the CNB-TiO2 is employed in sonophotocatalytic reactions. Sonophotocatalytic process based on CNB-TiO2, assisted by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ), and operated at an ultrasonication (US) frequency of 30 kHz and 40 W power under visible light irradiation proved to be the most efficient for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. More than 90 of COD was removed within 60 min of sonophotocatalytic reaction, producing the effluent with the COD concentration well below the stipulated permissible limit of 50 mg/L. The electrical energy required per order of magnitude was estimated to be only 177.59 kWh/m3, indicating extreme viability of the proposed process for the remediation of TPOME. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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