TY  - JOUR
JF  - Diagnostics
A1  - Ong, S.K.
A1  - Husain, S.F.
A1  - Wee, H.N.
A1  - Ching, J.
A1  - Kovalik, J.-P.
A1  - Cheng, M.S.
A1  - Schwarz, H.
A1  - Tang, T.B.
A1  - Ho, C.S.
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118828550&doi=10.3390%2fdiagnostics11111978&partnerID=40&md5=65ac0328cf9937b9891516abd8c9d207
VL  - 11
Y1  - 2021///
PB  - MDPI
SN  - 20754418
N2  - Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating condition with a high disease burden and medical comorbidities. There are currently few to no validated biomarkers to guide the diagnosis and treatment of MDD. In the present study, we evaluated the differences between MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs) in terms of cortical haemodynamic responses during a verbal fluency test (VFT) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and serum amino acid profiles, and ascertained if these parameters were correlated with clinical characteristics. Methods: Twenty-five (25) patients with MDD and 25 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched HCs were recruited for the study. Real-time monitoring of the haemodynamic response during completion of a VFT was quantified using a 52-channel NIRS system. Serum samples were analysed and quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for amino acid profiling. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to classify potential candidate biomarkers. Results: The MDD patients had lower prefrontal and temporal activation during completion of the VFT than HCs. The MDD patients had lower mean concentrations of oxy-Hb in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and lower serum histidine levels. When the oxy-haemoglobin response was combined with the histidine concentration, the sensitivity and specificity of results improved significantly from 66.7 to 73.3 and from 65.0 to 90.0 respectively, as compared to results based only on the NIRS response. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the use of combination biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of MDD. This technique could be a useful approach to detect MDD with greater precision, but additional studies are required to validate the methodology. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
IS  - 11
N1  - cited By 2
TI  - Integration of the cortical haemodynamic response measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy and amino acid analysis to aid in the diagnosis of major depressive disorder
ID  - scholars14296
KW  - amino acid; antidepressant agent; anxiolytic agent; biological marker; histidine; mood stabilizer; neuroleptic agent; oxyhemoglobin
KW  -  adult; amino acid analysis; amino acid blood level; Article; blood sampling; body movement; brain blood flow; brain cortex; brain perfusion; clinical article; clinical feature; comparative study; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; ethnicity; executive function; executive function test; female; functional near-infrared spectroscopy; Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; hemodynamic monitoring; hemodynamics; hemoglobin blood level; human; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; major depression; male; neuroimaging; orbital cortex; predictive value; receiver operating characteristic; sensitivity and specificity; temporal lobe; verbal fluency test
AV  - none
ER  -