TY  - JOUR
ID  - scholars14083
TI  - Rapid esterification of fatty acid using dicationic acidic ionic liquid catalyst via ultrasonic-assisted method
KW  - Biodiesel; Esterification; Esters; Ionic liquids; Methanol; Molar ratio; Oleic acid; Ultrasonics
KW  -  Continuous; Dicationic; Dicationic ionic liquids; Environmentally benign; Heterogeneous catalyst; Pulse; Response surface methodology; Ultrasound irradiation
KW  -  Catalysts
KW  -  biodiesel; fatty acid; ionic liquid; oleic acid
KW  -  Article; biofuel production; catalyst; chemical structure; comparative study; controlled study; esterification; priority journal; process optimization; reaction temperature; reaction time; response surface method; synthesis; ultrasound
N2  - Biodiesel production via esterification/transesterification reactions can be catalyzed by homogenous or heterogeneous catalysts. Development of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production is highly advantageous due to the ease of product purification and of catalyst recyclability. In this current work, a novel acidic DABCODBSCF3SO32 dicationic ionic liquid (DIL) was used as heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel using oleic acid as model oil. The esterification was conducted under ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz) using a 14 mm ultrasonic horn transducer operated at various duty cycles. It was observed that the duty cycle, amplitude, methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst amount and reaction temperature were the major factors that greatly impact the necessary reaction time to lead to a high yield of biodiesel. The reaction conditions were optimized with the aid of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) designed according to the Quadratic model of the Box Behnken method. The optimum conditions were found to be at catalyst amount of 0.64 mol%, methanol to oil ratio of 14.3:1, temperature of 59 °C, reaction time of 83 min and amplitude of 60% in continuous mode. The results showed that the oleic acid was successfully converted into esters with conversion value of 93.20% together with significant reduction of reaction time from 7 h (using mechanical stirring) to 83 min (using ultrasonication). The results also showed that the acidic DIL catalyst we designed purposely was efficient to catalyze the ultrasonic-assisted esterification yielding high conversion of oleic acid to methyl oleate on short times. The DIL was also recycled and reused for at least five times without significant reduction in performance. Overall, the procedure offers advantages including short reaction time, good yield, operational simplicity and environmentally benign characteristics. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
N1  - cited By 35
AV  - none
VL  - 60
JF  - Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
A1  - Masri, A.N.
A1  - Abdul Mutalib, M.I.
A1  - Yahya, W.Z.N.
A1  - Aminuddin, N.F.
A1  - Leveque, J.M.
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071882748&doi=10.1016%2fj.ultsonch.2019.104732&partnerID=40&md5=1c56e7fc813be46ce2006f11792217ff
PB  - Elsevier B.V.
SN  - 13504177
Y1  - 2020///
ER  -